Transcript Presentation

EOCT
Review
Questions
Question 1
What are the steps of the
Scientific Method?
State the problem.
Make a hypothesis.
Experiment/ observations.
Record or collect data.
Analyze results.
Make a conclusion.
Question 1
What are the controls? What are
Independent and Dependent
Variables?
•Control - stays the same.
•Independent variable - is what you
change.
•Dependent variable - is what the results
are because of what you changed.
Question 2
What is the total magnification of a
microscope when the objective lens
is 40X and the eyepiece is 10x?
400x
Question 3
Which elements are found in all
living cells?
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
Question 4
Why is water essential to life?
What are some properties of
water?
Water is necessary for the survival of living
things. Water is a polar molecule with a
bent shape which dissolves other polar
compounds. Water is cohesive as it sticks
together. Water is adhesive because it bonds
to other molecules.
Question 5
What are the components of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids?
Carbohydrates – C,H,O – made of
monosaccharides
Proteins – C, H, O and N – and
sometimes S
Made of Amino acids
Question 5
What are the components of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids?
Lipids – C, H, O – made of
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Nucleic acids – C, H, O, N, P
Made of nucleotides
Question 5
What are the basic jobs of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids?
Carbohydrates give fast energy.
Proteins are the building blocks
of living things.
Question 5
What are the basic jobs of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids?
Lipids are reserve energy
sources.
Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA,
are the blueprints of heredity and
proteins for the cell.
Question 7
What type of molecule is an
enzyme? What is the function of
an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein. An
enzyme speeds up and helps a
reaction to start.
Question 7
How do they affect activation
energy? How are they affected by
temperature?
An enzyme lowers the activation
energy for a reaction. This is the
energy required for a reaction to
occur. Enzymes work better at
certain temperatures and pH.
Question 8
Explain what is occurring when the
enzyme is added to the reaction.
• Activation energy is lowered and the
reaction occurs more quickly.
Question 9
What does the lock and key
model explain?
This model explains that an
enzyme only works on one
substrate just as one key opens
one lock.
Question 10
How does homeostasis help an
organism?
Homeostasis is the method by
which an organism maintains a
balance internally necessary for
survival.
Question 11
If you came upon a remote island,
how would you determine living
from non-living organisms?
Characteristics of living things
-able to reproduce, -some can
move, -able to grow, -made of
cells,- uses energy, -adaptations
Question 12
How do you determine if a cell is
a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
An eukaryote has a true
nucleus and membrane
bound organelles.
Question 13
Describe the function of the
following organelles: nucleus,
mitochondria, ER, ribosomes,
and golgi body.
Nucleus – control center of the cell.
Mitochondria – power house of the cell.
ER – canal system of the cell which
transports materials(intracellular highway).
Question 13
Describe the function of the
following organelles: nucleus,
mitochondria, ER, ribosomes,
and golgi body.
Ribosomes – organelle where proteins
are made.
Golgi Body – packaging center for the
cell.
Question 14
What organelle controls what
goes in and out of a cell?
The cell membrane is the gate keeper for
the cell.
Question 15
Which features distinguish a
plant cell from an animal cell?**
Plant cell- larger vacuole, cell wall, and
chloroplasts.
Animal cell- does not have a cell wall or
chloroplasts and contains centrioles and
lysosomes.
Question 18
What is osmosis? What is
diffusion? Active transport?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Diffusion is the movement of materials from
an area of greater concentration to lesser
concentration.
Active transport requires extra energy and
moves materials from lesser concentration
to greater concentration.
Question 19
What happens when you put a
carrot in a glass of salt water?
Explain in detail.
The carrot shrinks because water
moves out of the carrot. Salt
water is a hypertonic solution
and plasmolysis occurs.
Question 20
What is the difference between
an autotroph and heterotroph?**
An autotroph is a producer that
makes its own food.
A heterotroph is a consumer that
cannot make its own food and
must eat to survive.
Question 21
What is ATP? What is it used
for? Where?
• Adenosine Tri-phosphate
• Used for energy in all cells.
• It is made in the mitochondria
Question 22
How are photosynthesis/
respiration, and plants/animals
related?
Photosynthesis occurs in plants.
Respiration occurs in plants and
animals. The products of
photosynthesis are the reactants for
cellular respiration.
Question 23
What are stomata?
What do they do?
Stomata are pores on the bottom
of a plant leaf which take in CO2
and release O2. Water evaporates
and is called transpiration.
Question 24
What occurs in each step in the
process of mitosis?
Prophase - Nuclear membrane fades and doubled
chromosomes appear.
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle of
the cell.
Anaphase - Chromosomes split and move to the
poles of the cell.
Telophase - 2 new cells are formed (cytokinesis).
Question 25
How does cytokinesis differ in
plants and animals?
In animal cells, cytokinesis
involves the pinching in of the
cell membrane.
In plant cells, a cell plate is
formed.
Question 26
Explain binary fission
Binary fission is how bacteria
reproduce. They form a circular
DNA, double it, and split the
cytoplasm.
Question 27
What is produced by the process
of meiosis? What is produced by
mitosis?
Meiosis produces 4 sex cells.
Mitosis produces 2 body cells.
Question 28
Why is Mitosis important?
Why is Meiosis important?
• Mitosis- is used for growth and
repair
• Meiosis- is used to make
gametes for sexual reproduction
Question 29
Fragile X Syndrome is a genetic
condition in which the DNA code CGG
is repeated multiple times on the X
chromosome. How did this genetic
condition MOST likely happen?
A mutation occurred on the X
chromosome.
Question 30
What is an advantage of asexual
reproduction?
It can occur very quickly and
produces identical offspring.
Question 31
What are 2 advantages of sexual
reproduction?
1. With 2 different parents, this leads
to more variety among offspring.
2. Sexual reproduction helps to
accumulate more beneficial
mutations.
Question 32
Why is sexual reproduction BEST in a
changing environment?
Sexual reproduction gives you more
variety among offspring-being different
from parental organisms. The organism
that can adapt and make changes to a
changing environment will be better
equipped to survive.
Question 33
What is the shape of DNA? What is
DNA made of ? What is a nucleotide?
Double helix
DNA is made of deoxyribose sugar, a
phosphate, and nitrogen bases-Adenine,
Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
A nucleotide consists of sugar,
phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
Question 34
What are the codons and amino acids transcribed
by mRNA from the following DNA sequence:
AAGTACCGT? Where does this take place?
Question 34
What is transcribed by mRNA from the
following DNA sequence:
AAGTACCGT?
Where does this take place?
mRNA- UUCAUGGCA
Amino Acids- Phe-Met-Ala
In the nucleus of the cell.
Question 35
Which process involves both
DNA and RNA?
Transcription
Question 36
How do the following terms
differ?
Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses
4 squares
16 squares
Genotype and Phenotype
Tt
Tall
Question 36
How do the following terms
differ?
Homozygous and Heterozygous
TT, tt
Tt
Law of Independent Assortment
- Random distribution of Alleles
Law of Segregation
-2 alleles for each trait separate
Question 37
What causes Down Syndrome?
Nondisjunction of number 21
chromosomes which results in
three #21 chromosomes (called
trisomy)
Question 38
What would be the phenotypic
and genotypic ratios of a cross
between a heterozygous tall plant
and a homozygous recessive
plant? Do a Punnett Square
T
t Tt
t Tt
t
tt
tt
Genotype:
50% Tt, 50% tt
Phenotype:
50% tall, 50% short
Question 39
As parents, you do not have the
genetic disorder of color blindness,
but your son does. How is this
possible?
Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. A
male only has one X and will inherit the
disease from his mother. The mother
would not be color blind.
Question 40
How has genetic engineering
(biotechnology) improved
agriculture and medicine?
Plants become more disease
resistant when plants are
cross-bred.
Question 41
Explain how a weed becomes
resistant to herbicides
(evolutionary –wise).
Some weeds are not killed by the
herbicide and next, they mutate. The
mutation enables the weed to pass
the trait onto the next generation.
Question 42
What do homologous structures
indicate?
Homologous structures are similar
in structure but different in function.
This proves that the two species
have a common ancestor. Example:
human arm and bat wing
Question 43
What is natural selection and how is
the environment involved?
“Survival of the fittest”
Organisms that adapt to changes
in their environment live long
enough to reproduce and pass
their traits to their offspring.
Question 44
Poison ivy has an irritating oily coating
on its leaves. How does this adaptation
help the plant survive?
The coating keeps herbivores
from eating the poison ivy.
Question 45
The fur on an arctic fox is brown in the
summer and white in the winter. What is
the MOST likely reason for this change
in fur color?
The color change was a
mutation that helped them
camouflage in their environment.
Question 46
Why does great genetic diversity
decrease the likelihood of
extinction?
There is more genetic variety.
Therefore, organisms will have
many different traits and can
survive changes in their
environment.
Question 47
What is the theory of
endosymbiosis?
This is the theory of how the first
eukaryote cell was made by one cell
ingesting another cell. The proof is
that the DNA, mitochondria, and
chloroplast are like a prokaryote
cell.
Question 48
In the diagram on your page, what
trait does a chimp have that the
others do not?
Fur and mammary glands
Question 49
In the following phylogenic tree,
which species is most closely related
to Drosophila melanogaster?
Drosophila willstoni
Question 50
What are the seven levels of
classification used in Linnaean
nomenclature?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, species
Question 51
Mushrooms were once classified as
plants that did not photosynthesize.
Today they are classified in the Kingdom
Fungi. Why did this change occur?
The invention of the microscope
allowed the discovery that
chloroplast were not in fungi.
Question 52
A scientist discovers a new organism
that absorbs nutrients directly into its
body to obtain energy. Microscopy
shows that the organism contains many
cells. In which kingdom is the organism
classified?
Kingdom Fungi
Question 48
How could you set up a simple
dichotomous key to classify several
tree leaves?
A dichotomous key gives you two
choices for each characteristic.
Next, you choose which
characteristic is true and follow the
instructions.
Question 53
What characteristics are shared by
fungi and plants?
Both fungi and plants have cell
walls. Both are multicellular and
both are eukaryotes.
Question 54
How can you tell a bacteria and a protist
apart?
Bacteria is a prokaryote (no
nucleus).
A protist is an eukaryote (has a
nucleus).
Question 55
How do viruses reproduce?
Viruses reproduce by injecting its
DNA into another cell. Next, the
DNA tells the cell to make more
viruses.
Question 56
How are bacteria helpful to
humans and our environment?
Bacteria help us digest food in our
intestines and are also used in treating
waste in a sewage treatment center.
Some foods are made with bacteria,
including many cheeses, yogurt, sour
cream, and saurkraut.
Question 57
What are examples of animal-like
protists?
Amoeba – move with pseudopods
Paramecium – move with cilia
Trypanosoma – move with a flagella.
Question 58
What is the adaptive value of
being an evergreen tree, such as
spruce tree, instead of a
deciduous tree, like a maple or
oak?
To be able to photosynthesize year
round and to survive in harsher climates.
Question 59
What are endotherms and
ectotherms? List examples of each.
Endotherms are animals that maintain an
internal temperature. Examples: human,
birds, mammals
Ectotherms are animals that change
temperatures with their surroundings.
Examples: fish, reptiles, amphibians
Question 60
What structures are found only in
mammals?
Mammary glands and fur
Question 61
What are the differences between
internal and external fertilization?
Internal fertilization fertilizes a small
number at a time and has a greater
chance of survival.
External fertilization fertilizes many at a
time but there is smaller chance of
survival.
Question 62
What are examples of abiotic and
biotic factors?
Abiotic: (non-living)
Air, water, soil, rocks
Biotic: (living)
Ducks, plants, bacteria, frogs, fish
Question 63
What are the major causes of acid
rain? What are some effects?
Acid rain is caused by air pollution,
mainly due to the excessive use of
fossil fuels.
Effects include damage to trees and
fish populations, along with acid
erosion.
Question 64
What are the limiting factors to
plant growth in the biomes?
The main limiting factors in any
biome are temperature and
precipitation.
Question 65
What are the different biomes? List
examples of plants and animals in each.
Tundra – short grasses;
polar bears, trout, caribou
Taiga– spruce and fir trees, deciduous trees;
birds, beaver, deer, mountain lions
Temperate forest – oaks, maples, shrubs;
Squirrels, rabbits, foxes, birds and deer.
Question 65
What are the different biomes? List
examples of plants and animals in each.
Temperate grassland –grasses and herbs;
gazelles, bison, horses, lions, deer, and mice
Desert – cacti, Joshua trees, and succulents
lizards, bobcats, birds, tortoises, and toads
Question 65
What are the different biomes? List
examples of plants and animals in each.
Tropical savanna – grasses and trees
lions, hyenas, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes, zebras,
birds, and insects
Tropical rain forest – evergreens, bamboo and
sugar cane; chimpanzees, Bengal tigers, elephants,
orangutans, bats, toucans, sloth and snakes
Question 66
Draw and label and energy pyramid,
using examples.
Question 67
How would you differentiate between
populations and communities?
A pond community consists of
several populations such as
mallard duck population, frog
population, trout population.
Question 68
What is the difference between
niche and habitat?
A niche is an organisms job or
function.
Habitat is where an organism
lives.
Question 69
Draw a food chain with at least 4
organisms.
Grass --> rabbit--> snake --> eagle
Question 70
How would removing the first
consumer in the food chain affect the
flow of energy?
Grass--> rabbit--> fox
The fox will starve and the grass
will grow more.
Question 71
What type of environment shows
primary succession? Secondary
succession?
•An environment that had no previous living things
will show primary succession. The first organisms
to appear are bacteria, fungus and lichens.
•Secondary succession occurs after a flood, fire, etc.
on an area where living things existed before.
Question 72
How could we reduce the use of
pesticides in the US?
In place of pesticides, certain
bacteria could be used to attack
the insects/pests that are
destroying plants and crops, or
natural predators can be
introduced.
Question 73
In the carbon cycle, which processes return
carbon to the atmosphere?
• Carbon is returned to the atmosphere by
cellular respiration and the burning of fossil
fuels.
Question 75
What are the possible effects of global
warming?
Global warming is a slight increase
of the average temperature. This
increase in temperature leads to the
melting of ice caps. This may lead
to more floods and the change in the
water amount in some climates.
Question 76
Why does a plant gravitate towards sunlight?
It will move towards the sunlight
due to phototropism.
What is the type of succession
that is illustrated below?
• The type of succession is primary
succession, in which an environment forms
in a new area for the first time. If it is
secondary succession, the natural
environment re-takes what has been
changed by man.
Question 79
Using the dichotomous key, what family does
the plant belong to?
The plant is a Virginia bluebell.
Question 80
What type of relationship does the hare
and fox have? What would the chart look
like if the fox was not present?
They have a predator/prey
relationship. The two populations
are equal at the intersecting points. It
is a direct correlation between the
two populations. If the fox was not
present, the hare population would
increase, then level off.
Good Luck !