Transcript Slide 1

Essential Question:
What types
of
molecules
are in the
body?
Lipids
• macromolecules that include fats, which store
large amounts of energy.
• chemical names of fats or molecules that are
called fat soluble (dissolve in fat).
• called fatty acids Fats can be saturated, which
means that they are a solid at room
temperature like lard, or unsaturated, which
are liquids at room temperature like vegetable
oil.
• All lipids are hydrophobic=they do not mix
with water.
If you make salad
dressing using oil
and water, you can
shake it to mix it but
the oil and water
will quickly separate
again. This is
because the oil (a
lipid) is hydrophobic
and does not mix
with water.
Lipids are
substances that are
related to fat stored
in your body. These
substances are
actually used for
energy storage,
serve as structural
components of cell
membranes, and are
important
hormones those
contain essential
fatty acids.
There are
thousands of
lipid formulas
that are
involved in
the chemical
calculations
for the
different
types of
lipids.
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term
energy storage
2. Protection
against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection
against physical
shock
4. Protection
against water loss
5. Chemical
messengers
(hormones)
6. Major
component of
membranes
(phospholipids)
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Proteins are a
group of
macromolecules
that have many
different
structures and
functions. Proteins
can be structural
like the proteins
that make up your
hair and
fingernails, but
they can also do
many other jobs.
One important
group of proteins is
enzymes, which
make chemical
reactions occur
faster. For example,
enzymes in your
stomach help you
to digest your food.
All proteins are
made of
building blocks
called amino
acids, and then
folded into
complicated
threedimensional
shapes that
allow them to
do their job.
Proteins
• Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage:
albumin (egg
white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes,
hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular
reactions
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There is no general
structural formula
for proteins-all
proteins are
different, but all are
made up of amino
acids, which have
the general formula
NH3CHRCOOH, with
the R being the
group that makes
each of the 20 amino
acids unique-the
simplest of the R
groups is a hydrogen
atom.
Nucleic acids
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNAdouble helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Nucleic acids are composed of
long chains of nucleotides linked
by dehydration synthesis.
• nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T)DNAonly
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
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guanine (G)
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are the last category of
macromolecules. The most familiar
type of nucleic acid is DNA or
deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the
molecule that carries all the
instructions to make an organism.
DNA is inherited meaning it is passed
from parent to offspring. DNA is made
of building blocks called nucleotides.
DNA is found in the nucleus of cells.
All living things from bacteria to
elephants have DNA made of
nucleotides in their cells.