Transcript Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds
Unit 3 Cellular Transport
Fall 2014
Macromolecules
• Macromolecules
are giant molecules
made up of
subunits called
– Monomers
• Many monomers
join together to
form a
– Polymer
Intro to Macromolecules
Organic Compound -A compound that contains the
element carbon and is made by living organisms
In order for life to occur, many organisms require complex
organic molecules (macromolecules)
• Organisms get these organic molecules via the nutrients
they take in or by producing the organic molecules
themselves.
4 Major groups of macromolecules
There are four principal classes of organic
compounds found in living things.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates (CH2O)n
• Examples:
– Starch, cellulose
• Function:
– Source of energy
– Structural
• Building blocks (monomers)
– Monosaccharide's (mono = single;
saccharides = ‘sugar’)
– Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
(Di= two; saccharides = sugar)
These are formed when two monosaccharide's
are joined.
Example #1 Milk sugar
Glucose + Galactose = lactose
Example #2 Common Table Sugar
Glucose + fructose = Sucrose
Polysaccharides
(Poly = many; sacchardies = sugars)
Polysaccharides are molecules are made of thousands of
monosaccharide's connected in a chain.
Ex: Starch
Foods high in starch: bread, cereal, pasta
Function in the body: source of energy!
When starch is digested, molecules are broken down into
smaller units (individual sugars/ monosaccharide's); which
provide energy to run our cells!
Polysaccharide’s cont.
Example: Cellulose (a.k.a. ‘fiber’)
Function: Structural support for plant cell
(forms the cell wall); helps maintain a healthy
digestive system
Difference between starch and celluloseDifferent branching patterns in the structural
formula
Take two minutes to summarize what you have
learned about Carbohydrates.
Discuss with your shoulder partnerWhat do you understand well?
What is a little confusing?
Lipids (CHO)
(Mostly carbon & hydrogen. Very little oxygen)
Examples - Fats, oils, waxes, sterols (hormones)
Functions
• Stored energy (fats)
• Structural- part of the cell membrane (phospholipids)
• Repel water because they are nonpolar (even distribution of
charge across the molecule) Ex- waxes. Helps to
‘waterproof’ a duck’s feathers
• Chemical messengers (hormones such as estrogen &
testosterone)
Building blocks
Fatty acids (3) & glycerol (1)
Lipids Cont.
The bonds between
carbon and hydrogen in
fatty acids are energy rich.
This is why fats “store
energy”.
** There are many
different types of fatty
acids **
2 classifications of fats
Lipids cont.
Saturated Fat - contain saturated fatty acids
that are straight molecules.
• These are generally solid at room temperature
• Examples - most animal fats ( butter, lard,
grease, etc.)
• These are the “Unhealthy” ones!
Lipids Cont.
Unsaturated Fat - contain unsaturated fatty
acids that have “kinks” in it caused by double
bonds between carbon atoms.
• Generally are liquid at room temperature.
• Examples - plant oils ( oil, corn), some fish oils
Take two minutes to summarize what you have
learned about Lipids.
Discuss with your shoulder partnerWhat do you understand well?
What is a little confusing?
Proteins (CHON)
• Examples:
– Hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, enzymes
• Functions:
– Control reactions (enzymes), immune
response (antibodies), cell transport
(transport proteins), structural (collagen)
• Building blocks
– Amino acids
• The type & sequence
(order) of amino acids
determines the shape
of a protein
• The shape determines
function
• If the order of amino
acids is wrong – the
protein doesn’t work
Protein Cont.
We build proteins in our cells, as well as
consume protein through our diet (ex. meat,
eggs, dairy).
The ‘instructions’ for building protein is in
‘written’ in our genes (DNA)
Question: You know DNA is a big deal….. but
what is the purpose of DNA?
Answer:
It codes for protein!
• DNA is like a giant
cookbook.
• Genes are like individual
recipes.
• These ‘recipe’s code for
specific proteins.
Question: Why is that a
big deal you may ask?
Answer
• Proteins drive cellular activity. They cause
most things to ‘happen’ in a cell!
• Without proteins the most basic functions of
life could not be carried out.
• Respiration, for example, requires muscle
contractions, and muscle contractions require
proteins.
•
Take two minutes to summarize what you have
learned about Proteins.
Discuss with your shoulder partnerWhat do you understand well?
What is a little confusing?
Nucleic Acids (CHONP)
Examples - DNA, RNA
• Function:
– Store (DNA) and
transmit (RNA)
hereditary (genetic)
information, which
directs cellular
activity
• Building blocks:
– nucleotides
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids Cont.
Example #2
ATP - adenosine triphosphate.
This is a single nucleotide that carries energy in cells.
– This is the “currency” of cells.
– When food molecules (glucose) are broken down
inside of cells (cell respiration), some of the
energy in the molecules is stored temporarily in
ATP.
– Some of this energy is used by cell. All cells need
a steady supply of ATP to function.
Take two minutes to summarize what you have
learned about Nucleic Acids.
Discuss with your shoulder partnerWhat do you understand well?
What is a little confusing?