Transcript NOTES: Carbohydrates / Lipids

GFP gene =
Green Fluorescent Protein
RFP gene =
Red Fluorescent Protein
Let’s Back Up
Let’s talk about the architecture of organic
molecules……
• Isomer = the same molecular formula but
different structures SO different properties.
Isomers
1. Structural isomers –differ in the covalent
arrangement of their atoms.
Formula C4H10
Isomers
2. Geometric Isomers –differ in their spatial
arrangement but have the SAME covalent bonds.
Double bond makes them more inflexible-cannot
rotate freely like in single bond! (variation in
arrangement around a double bond)
Isomers
3. Enantiomers –variation in spatial
arrangement around asymmetric carbon.
Result: molecules that are mirror images of
each other (Left and Right Handed). Usually
one is active and the other inactive in the
body. (arrangement of the four spots
around asymmetric carbon)
Important for pharmaceutical companies?
Enantiomer
Isomers
Enantiomers –Important for pharmaceutical
companies? Why?
Example:
1960- Thalidomide-ease
pregnancy discomfort
• Drug mixture of 2 enantiomers
• 1 enantiomers-sedative
• Other- side effects – birth defects
LIPIDS
•
•
•
•
•
diverse group of organic compounds:
grouped together because HYDROPHOBIC
insoluble in water
will dissolve in nonpolar solvents
not a true polymer; still a
macromolecule (C and H)
include:
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
Organic Compounds: Lipids: Fats
Lipids
1. Fats (Triglycerides)
– Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
– Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid)
– Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid)
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Ester Bonds
OH
1. FATS
• Composed of:
– glycerol (3-carbon alcohol; each with a Hydroxyl
group)
– fatty acid (contains carboxyl group; long
hydrocarbon chain or “tail”)
• the nonpolar C-H bonds make the chain hydrophobic
and insoluble in water
• Fatty acids may vary in # of carbon atoms (usually
even #)
• Each of glycerol’s 3 hydroxyl groups can bond to a
fatty acid by an ester linkage producing a fat.
(resulting in triacylglycerol, or a triglyceride)
Organic Compounds: Lipids: Phospholipids
Lipids
2. Phospholipids
– Glycerol with Phosphate Head +
2 Fatty Acid Chains
– Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”)
•
•
Hydrophilic head Phosphate
Hydrophobic tail
Glycerol
– Forms 2 layers in water
– Makes up cell membranes
Fatty Acids
• clusters in water in patterns (e.g. micelle,
bilayer)
• shows ambivalent behavior towards
water (tails are hydrophobic and heads
are hydrophilic)
Organic Compounds: Lipids: Steroids
Lipids
3. Steroids
–
–
Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton
consists of 4 fused
OH
rings
O
OH
O
Includes:
•
•
–
HO
Hormones
Cholesterol
Makes up cell membranes
HO
O
Testosterone
Estrogen
OH
Biotechnology
• To extract DNA and other organelles
from a cell, the phospholipid bilayer
must be dissolved. This is achieved
by the use of detergents which
disrupts the hydrocarbon tails.
I. Monosaccharides =
single/simple sugars
• major nutrients for cells
• glucose is most common (C6H12O6)
• store energy in their chemical bonds
which is harvested by cellular
respiration
*examples: glucose, ribose,
galactose
Classification of Monosaccharides
Catorized depending on:
1. Location of carbonyl group either
Aldose (Aldehyde sugar) or Ketose
(Ketone sugar)
2. Size of carbon skeleton ~3-7 carbons
long (most form rings in solution)
3. Isomers – spatial arrangement around
asymmetrical carbon
***Shape = function /interaction in body!
Classification of Monosaccharides
Aldose
Structural Isomer of glucose=Ketose
II. Polysaccharides =
hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
• formed by linking monomers
dehydration synthesis
(condensation) reactions
• Monomers held together by
covalent bonds called glycosidic
linkages
Condensation or Hydrolysis?
Glycosidic Linkage
Condensation or Hydrolysis?
Disaccharide
A. Examples of energy storage
polysaccharides:
• Starch = glucose polymers in plants
(amylose/amylopectin)
• Glycogen = glucose polymer in animals
LE 5-6
Glycogen granules
Chloroplast
Starch
Mitochondria
0.5 µm
1 µm
Amylose
Glycogen
Amylopectin
Starch: a plant polysaccharide
Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
IN PLANTS
Digestion = Hydrolysis
Difference in most carbohydrates is how the glucose monomers
are connected!
Gycogen in liver cells: stained red
B. Examples of structural
support polysaccharides:
• cellulose = major structural
component of plant cell walls that
cannot be digested by most organisms
because of missing digestive enzyme
• chitin = forms exoskeletons of
arthropods
B. Examples of structural
support polysaccharides:
• chitin =
Know the difference between the
5-carbon sugars!!!
Biotechnology
• Use glucose as food source for
cell cultures.
Biotechnology
• Carbs also affect DNA purifications
in plant cells because they are too sticky