Transcript Chapter-2-Human-Chemistry

Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed but transferred
Human Kinetic Energy
Muscular Contractions
Peristalsis
Heart Beat & Blood
Movement
Mastication
Human Potential Energy
Muscules (Rest)
Heart Beat (Millisecond)
Energy Forms
1. Chemical – Energy stored or released in chemical bonds
1. Food
2. Monosaccharides (candy bars)
2. Electrical – Transfer due to movement of charged particles
1. Conductivity of body (75% Water)
2. Nerve Impulses
3. Mechanical – Directly involved in moving matter
1. Muscle contraction (running, throwing)
2. Walking
3. Eating
4. Radiant – Energy that travels in waves
–
–
X-rays, UV rays, etc.
Body Heat
The Charge of an Atom
Element Configuration
• Atomic Number - The
number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom
• Atomic Mass Number
- Total number of
protons and neutrons
# of Neutrons =
Atomic #
Symbol
6
C
Atomic Mass # 12.011
Atomic Mass # - Atomic #
Covalent Bonding
•Bonding between
Non-metals and Non-metals
•Electrons are shared
•Most Common in Human
Body
Ionic Bonding
•A bond formed by attraction between oppositely
charged ions
•Bonds between Metals and Nonmetals
•Electrons are transferred
The sum of all the body’s chemical
reactions
Chemical breakdown of particles
Decomposition reaction ~ Exergonic (Energy Released)
AB  A + B
Chemical combining of particles
Synthesis reaction ~ Endergonic (Energy Required)
A + B  AB
Chemical Reactions
Water’s Importance
• Chemical Reactions
– Takes place in intracellular reactions, protein production
reactions
• High Heat Capacity
– Homeostasis maintenance
• Heat of Evaporation
– Temps must be very high for water to evaporate
– Cooling mechanism for the skin
• Lubricant
– Linings of mucous membranes (Respiratory), joints (Skeletal),
and Digestion (Digestive)
• Solvent
– Polar Covalent bonds are so strong that it easily dissociates
compounds such as NaCl
Importance of polarity
and Ionic Bonding?
•
Polarity – A molecule with distinct positively and
negatively charged sides
Polar Covalent
Forces of attraction (chemical bonds) influence
whether water will dissolve certain compounds
Myth: “You can
NEVER drink
enough Water.”
Why wont people
listen to Mr.
Jeffrey???????
Salts in the Body
KCl
NaCl
KBr
KI
• Formed from acids
and bases reacting
with one another
• Dissociates itself into
cations and anions
when dissolved in
water
• Important for tissue
strength, blood, and
lymph
HCl + KOH
 KCl + H2O
KCl + Water  K+ + Cl-
Electrolytes
• A compound that
dissociates into positive
and negative ions
• Drinks such as Gatorade
replenish body with ions
to balance body’s
homeostasis and diminish
anaerobic respiration and
Lactic Acid development
Reactions occur when making or breaking chemical
bonds
1. All reactions require an activation energy – Energy
needed to disrupt and rearrange the stable electron
configuration
2.Concentration and Temperature are main factors in
influencing chemical reactions
• Higher Concentration = Higher chance of particles
colliding and causing reactions
• Higher Temperatures = Higher Kinetic Energy of
molecules = Higher Chances of Particle Collisions
Acidity & Alkalinity
• Acids & Bases
– Acid dissociates itself
into H+ ions and one or
more anions pH 0-6.9
– Bases dissociates itself
into OH- ions and one or
more cations 7-14
• Buffers
– Homeostasis !!!!!!!!!
– Different mechanisms of
body have different pH
• Carbonic Acid in Blood
• Sodium Bicarbonate in Pancreas
Reversible Reaction
Energy “Currency” – Body’s energy carrier
Supplier of energy for many of body’s reactions
ATP  ADP + P + Energy
Breakdown of
glucose during
cellular respiration
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Formed from Synthesis
reaction of
two monosaccharides
Building Blocks
3 or
more chains
of monosaccharides
Glycogen
Glucose
Lactose
Candy, Simple Sugars
Fructose
Sucrose
Found in animals
Cellulose
Ribose
Found in Plants
Fruit
DNA & RNA
Glucose + Fructose
= Table Sugar
Glucose + Galactose
= Milk Sugar
Carbohydrate Structures
Lipids
1.
Triglycerides
–
–
–
2.
Made up of glycerol & Fatty Acids (Figure: Next Slide)
Stored in adipose tissue of animals
More Energy provided than that of Proteins and
Carbohydrates
Phospholipids
–
–
Compose cell membranes
Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic Heads
• Saturated
– Animals
– DO NOT Possess
double bonds
– Large amounts of H+
– Solid at Room Temp
• Unsaturated
– Plants
– Possesses Double
Bonds
• Creates Kinks
– Lack of H+
– Liquid at Room Temp
1.
2.
Steroids
– Cholesterol
– Precursor to Aldosterone which
regulates sodium counts in blood
and sex hormones
– Ananbolics
– Increase of Testosterone
Creation
– Any time human body is supplied
with a substance it makes
naturally, the process will slow
down
Other Lipids
– Fatty Acids – Catabolized to produce
ATP
– Vitamin E
– Essential for wound healing,
antioxidant for nervous system
– Vitamin K
– Blood Clotting
– Carotenes
– Photopigments synthesis for
retinal maintenance
Lipids
Proteins
• Functions
– Structure
• Nails, Hair – Keratin
• Actin & Myosin – Muscles Tissue
• Collagen - Skin
– Hormone Regulator
• Insulin in blood glucose levels
– Immune System
• Protects against foreign
invaders
– Oxygen Transport
• Hemoglobin
– Enzyme
• Amylase (Mouth), Lactase,
Lipase
• Structure (cont’d)
– Always contain C, H, N, O
– Amino Acids – building blocks
of proteins (20 total)
– Peptide bonds are covalent
bonds that connect amino
acid chains in dehydration
synthesis reaction
Active Site: Lock and Key Mechanism ~ One enzyme for one active site
Induced fit: Active site changes once substrate enters active site
End in suffix -ase