Transcript Chapter 4

PowerPoint Learning
Quest
Biology 9
Unit 4: Cell Biology (Part 1)
Created by: Jeff Wolf and Mike Graff
Objectives: After completing this
Learning Quest the student will…
Demonstrate the use of a
microscope in the analysis
of cells.
Compare and contrast
between prokaryotic cells,
eukaryotic cells, and
viruses.
Assemble a replica of a
bacteria cell, a plant cell,
and an animal cell given
the organelles for each
type of cell.
Sketch and describe the
structure and function of
cell organelles.
Human Red Blood Cells
Directions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plant Cell
Follow the instructions in
the Anticipation Guide
found in this PowerPoint
Presentation.
Follow the instructions
and answer all questions
found in the Learning
Guide.
Follow the instructions in
the Conclusion Guide.
ALL THREE GUIDES CAN
BE FOUND IN THIS
LEARNING POWERPOINT
QUEST.
Anticipation Guide (Page 1)
Before diving into the world of cells and their importance to living
organisms, it is important to understand how we can even investigate
the world of cells. Microscopes are necessary to investigate cells
because of their microscopic size.
Many cells are as small as 1/1000 of a millimeter.
Anticipation Guide (Page 2)
Refer to textbook
pages 58 – 60.
Many lab scientists,
college students, and
even yourself have
used a particular type
of microscope called a
light microscope.
A light microscope is
able to see microscopic
objects because visible
light passes through
the object or specimen.
Glass lenses are then
used to enlarge the
image and project the
image in order to make
that image visible.
An example of a light microscope.
Anticipation Guide (Page3)
Two more examples of a light microscope.
Anticipation Guide (Page 4)
A more complex microscope,
originally built in the 1950’s is called
an electron microscope.
A electron microscope uses beams of
electrons instead of light to produce a
image of the microscopic object.
These beams of electrons assist the
electron microscope in producing a
clearer image as well as a much
better resolving power than that of the
light microscope.
The most powerful modern electron
microscopes can distinguish objects
as small as 0.2 nanometer. This is a
thousand times more powerful than
any light microscope.
An example of a electron
microscope.
Anticipation Guide (Page 5)
The two important parts to using
microscopes in the scientific
investigation of cells are
magnification and resolving
power.
Magnification is how larger
objects appear compared to their
actual size.
Resolving power of a microscope
determines how clear that
magnified image can be seen.
As seen in the chart to the left the
human eye, the light microscope,
and the electron microscope all
have certain abilities and limits
when it comes to viewing
microscopic objects.
Anticipation Guide (Page 6)
Shortly after the discovery of
the light microscope a scientist
named Robert Hooke was the
first to describe the shape of
cells. In 1665, Hooke
discovered that cells were
located in a thin slice of cork
taken from the bark of an oak
tree.
By the mid-1800’s scientists
began to find cells in every
organism they investigated
using a light microscope. This
investigation produced the cell
theory which states that all
living things are composed of
cells.
An example of a plant cell.
Learning Guide (Page 1)
Now that an explanation of cell investigation has been
made let’s talk about the two major classes of cells.
The two major classes of cells are prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells.
Refer to pages 61-63 of your textbook.
An example of a prokaryotic cell.
An example of a eukaryotic cell.
Learning Guide (Page 2)
Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells





Bacteria cells.
Came before Eukaryotic cells.
Contains DNA but no nucleus and no
membrane bound organelles.
Smaller than Eukaryotic cells.
Considered to be primitive or more
simplistic than a Eukaryotic cell.
Eukaryotic Cells





Protists, plants, fungi, and animal cells.
Developed after the Prokaryotic cells.
Contains a nucleus and membrane
bound organelles.
Larger than Prokaryotic cells.
Considered to be more complex and
better organized due to the presence of
a nucleus.
Learning Guide (Page 3)
Viruses, on the other hand
ARE NOT CELLS! Viruses,
like the one pictured to the
right are just packaged
genes with a small bit of
nucleic acid wrapped inside
of a protein coat.
The reason why viruses are
not considered a cell
organism is because viruses
must use resources within
cells to reproduce and thrive.
Viruses are non-living entities
that require a living host in
order to reproduce.
Refer to pages 191-195 and
Genetic
Material
Learning Guide (Page 4)
Animal Viruses are often a
main cause of disease. A flu
virus, seen to the left uses
Proteins spikes to enter and
leave a cell, therefore
infecting one or more cells.
Like many other animal
viruses, the flu viruses have
RNA rather than DNA as
their genetic material.
Another example of an RNA
virus is the common cold.
Learning Guide (Page 5)
When a virus comes into
contact with a weakened
cell, the virus can enter and
eventually reproduce. The
diagram to the right shows
the reproductive cycle of a
RNA virus (the mumps
virus).
Learning Guide (Page 6)
The reproductive cycle
of a virus is seen here
in seven steps.


Step 1: The Virus enters
the cytoplasm through
the plasma membrane
(the outer surface of the
cell).
Step 2: Enzymes then
remove the protein coat
that existed inside the
virus’ shell-like envelope.
Learning Guide (Page 7)


Step 3: An enzyme
enters the cell as part of
the virus. That enzyme
uses the virus’s RNA
genome as a template for
making strands of similar
RNA strands (purple
strand).
Step 4: The new strands
now has two functions.


First to serve as mRNA
for the synthesis of new
viral proteins.
Second (SEE STEP 5),
to serve as templates
for creating new viral
genome RNA.
Learning Guide (Page 8)


Step 6: A new protein
coat forms a whole new
copy of the virus and
then wraps around the
new RNA.
Step 7: Finally, the virus
leaves the cell by hiding
in the cell’s plasma
membrane.
In summary, the virus
obtains its envelope
from the cell, leaving
the cell without
necessarily damaging it.
Learning Guide (Page 9)
The structure of a cell is very similar to the
structure/organization of a factory. Each part or organelle
inside the cell helps the cell to develop and survive just
like the factory workers, supervisors and a maintance
crews help the factory to function. Refer to pages 64 – 75.
A factory.
A cell.
Similar?
Learning Guide (Page 10)
The outer skin of a animal cell is
called the cell membrane or
plasma membrane. The plasma
membranes function (job) is to
cover and contain the cell
contents.
In addition, the plasma membrane
is also semi-permeable which
means the membrane allows some
substances to enter into the cell
while prohibiting other materials
that may be too large or very
harmful to the cell.
Learning Guide (Page 11)
Inside the very center of the cell
is the largest organelle in the
animal cell. This organelle is
called the Nucleus. This is the
foreman or boss of the animal
cell.
The nucleus contains the DNA
(I.e. the cell’s blueprints), the
chromosomes, and genetic
information needed for the cell
to reproduce and develop.
The nucleus also controls the
cell’s other functions, as well
as, its protein production.
The nucleus, like that of the cell
membrane, is semipermeable.
Learning Guide (Page 12)
Within the nucleus is a
spherical structure
known as a nucleolus.
The nucleolus produces
ribosomes that are
transported throughout
the cell.
Make sure you study
the individual
organelles and their
functions between the
pages of 62 – 75.
Learning Guide (Page 13)
Found throughout the cell
are small spherical
organelles called
Ribosomes.
Ribosomes produce cell
protein using your genetic
code. Ribosomes are
found primarily on the
surface of the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes could be
considered the product
manufactures within the
“cell factory”.
Learning Guide (Page 14)
Surrounding the Nucleus is the
“conveyer belt” of the cell known as
the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
The endoplasmic reticulum, found
inside the cell is presented in two
forms. The first form, the rough
endoplasmic reticulum – has
ribosomes on its surface (or Rough
ER), assists in the transportation of
protein within the cell. The second
form, the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (or Smooth ER), lacks
ribosomes. The Smooth ER’s job is
to make enzymes and to detoxify
waste material.
Both the Rough and Smooth ER
attach to an organelle called the
Golgi Body.
Learning Guide (Page 15)
The Golgi Body (also
known as the Golgi
apparatus) is found
connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
The function of the golgi
body is to modify and
package cell products
such as protein.
Basically, the golgi body
is the “packing and
shipping center” of the
cell.
Learning Guide (Page 16)
The kidney-shaped organelles that can
be found throughout the cells are
called the Mitochondria. The
mitochondria are often known as the
“boiler room of the cell”.
The mitochondria produce energy by
creating ATP (chemical energy).
Mitochondria are often referred to as
the respiration centers of the cell
because they require oxygen to
produce ATP.
The mitochondria will use
carbohydrates and fats obtained in
your diet in order to create this power
for the cell.
Mitochondria will lose 58% of the food
energy due to heat.
Learning Guide (Page 17)
Flowing in-between the organelles of the cell is a
watery gel called Cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is used for support and to help suspend
the organelles within the cell.
It also assists in giving the cell some shape, due to
fluid pressure known as turgor pressure.
Learning Guide (Page 18)
The waste or “trash disposal system”of the cell is known as a
Lysosome. Lysosomes digest food and worn out cell parts that are no
longer used by the cell.
The Lysosomes are sometimes considered “Suicide Sacs” because
they contain digestive enzymes to eliminate harmful bacteria and digest
other materials and plays a role in waste disposal.
Learning Guide (Page 19)
Practice Assessment #1 – Draw a blueprint of a
factory. Place and describe how the following
organelles would function within a “cell
factory”. After completing this activity please
turn it into your teacher.
Cell Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R)
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Learning Guide (Page 20)
Centrioles are unique
structures found only
in animal cells.
The centrioles main
function is to provide
aid in the process of
cell reproduction.
Learning Guide (Page 21)
The Vacuoles are the
“warehouse” of the cell.
The Vacuoles not only hold
water but may also hold
food, pigment, and waste
safely inside the cell.
Large vacuoles are a
common feature found in
plant cells.
Animal cells may only have
small vacuoles.
They provide turgor pressure
(fluid pressure) that
stabilizes the plant cell.
Learning Guide (Page 22)
Short hair-like surface extensions found found on
the outside of the cell are called Cilia.
Cilia often cover the surface of some cells and
can aid in movement or keeping an area clean by
a sweeping action.
Examples include cilia found within the
respiratory system, female reproductive tract and
cilia that cover the bodies of some microscopic
pond organisms.
Learning Guide (Page 23)
Found on the outside of
some cells is a long whip-like
extension called a Flagellum.
Flagella provide the cell with
locomotion/movement
capabilities.
Examples include the whiplike tail on a sperm cell and
the tail on a pond organism
called a Euglena.
Learning Guide (Page 24)
Microtubules provide assistance in cell shape by creating a
cytoskelton.
The Microtubules help in managing internal movement of
organelles within the cell.
Learning Guide (Page 25)
Another protein-based organelle used in movement is the
Microfilaments.
The microfilaments not only assist in movement but the
microfilaments assist in development of the cells shape.
Learning Guide (Page 26)
The cell wall, the outer
boundary or “factory
wall” of the plant cell
provides support and
protection for all plant
cells.
The cell wall has a
rigid outer covering
made of nondigestible
cellulose.
Cell walls are made of
the carbohydrate
known as cellulose.
Learning Guide (Page 27)
Our final organelle, found only in plant cells are called plastids.
The plastids main function is to manufacture glucose, store food
and pigments. They include the chloroplasts (food production),
leucoplasts (food storage), and chromoplasts (provide
pigmentation/color to the plant.
Learning Guide (Page 28)
Practice Assessment #2: Using the “cell factory”
blueprint created in practice assessment #1, add
the following organelles to your factory.
Centrioles
Microtubules
Vacuoles
Microfilaments
Cilia
Cell Wall
Flagella
Plastids
Learning Guide (Page 29)
The final section in this unit is dedicated to tissues.
Tissues are the result of specialized cells working
together. If you have tissues working together they
will form an organ and eventually organ systems.
The four tissues that make up the human body
include, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue,
and connective tissue.
Learning Guide (Page 30)
Nerve tissue are
made up of
individual cells
called neurons.
These vital tissues
specialize in
transmitting
information rapidly
from one part of the
body to another.
An example of a nerve tissue.
Neuron
Learning Guide (Page 31)
Breakdown of a muscle
tissue.
Muscle tissue are a
specialized group of
cells that help in the
movement of organs
and appendages.
The three types of
muscle tissues are:
 Skeletal
 Visceral
 Cardiac
 The next slide will
provide greater
detail on muscles.
Learning Guide (Page 32)
Skeletal Muscle
Visceral Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal muscles are
voluntary muscles that
produce rapid body
movement. Most of the
body consists of striated
skeletal muscles
Visceral muscles are
involuntary muscles that
produce slow sustained
contractions. These
muscles can be stretched
several times their
original length without
loss of their function.
Visceral muscles are
found in many tubeshaped body structures
such as in the digestive
system.
Cardiac muscle is
found only in the heart.
These striated muscles
and their cells are
capable of contracting
spontaneously. This
muscle is also striated
and involuntary.
Learning Guide (Page 33)
Epithelial tissues covers the
entire body surface.
Epithelial tissues are both
external and internal. A good
example of a epithelial internal
tissue is the surface layers of
skin lining the digestive and
respiratory systems.
As a protective covering, the
epithelial tissue may absorb
and/or secrete chemicals to
and from the specific organ.
The cells contained within the
epithelial tissue are so closely
fused together that blood
vessels cannot pass between
them.
Layered epithelial tissues.
Learning Guide (Page 34)
Connective tissues can also
be found throughout the
human body.
Examples of connective
tissues are: ligaments,
tendons, bone, cartilage, fat,
and blood.
What do all of these types of
connective tissues have in
common.

Connective tissues found in
cartilage.
With the exception of fat
tissue all of these types of
connective tissues have a
large amount of material
(intercellular material or
matrix) separating their
cells.
Conclusion Guide (Page 1)
Practice Assessment #3: Complete the follow questions on a
separate sheet of paper and hand in to your teacher. Refer to
your notes and chapter 4 in your text for assistance.
1. A prokaryote has
a.a cell nucleus.
b. a cell membrane.
c. organelles
d. all of the above.
2. The growth of cells is limited by the ratio between
a. volume and surface area.
b. organelles and surface area
c. organelles and cytoplasm.
d. nucleus and cytoplasm.
3. A cell membrane is composed of
a. lipids
b. proteins
c. nucleic acids.
Conclusion Guide (Page 2)
4. The function of the Golgi apparatus is to
a. synthesize proteins
b. release energy
c. process and package proteins
d. synthesize lipids.
5. Mitochondria
a. transport materials.
b. release energy.
c. make proteins.
d. control cell division.
6. Lysosomes function in cells to
a. recycle cell parts.
b. destroy disease causing agents.
c. shape developing body parts.
d. all of the above.
Conclusion Guide (Page 3)
7. The nucleolus is
a. the control center of the cell.
b. the storehouse of genetic information.
c. the site where ribosomes are synthesized.
d. none of the above.
8. Plant cells differ from animal cells in having.
a. fluid-filled vacuoles.
b. cell walls surrounding the cell membrane.
c. chromoplasts.
d. all of the above.
9. Leucoplasts
a. synthesize proteins
b. store food.
c. synthesize pigments.
d. store pigments.
Conclusion Guide (Page 4)
10.The stomach is an example of
a. a tissue.
b. an organ.
c. an organ system.
d. none of the above.
11. How have microscopes been helpful in the study of cell?
12. What limits the size of the cells?
13. Why is the cell membrane called a selectively permeable
membrane?
14. Distinguish between the structure of rough ER and that of smooth
ER.
15. What is the cell specialization? Give and example of cell
specialization.
Conclusion Guide (Page 5)
Practice Assessment #4: Reviewing Vocabulary. Write the
word or phrase that best completes each statement below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A structure outside the plasma membrane in some cells is the
________.
The functions (command center) of a eukaryotic cell are
managed by the ________.
In a cell, the tangles of long strands of DNA form the _______.
The folded system of membranes that forms a network of
interconnected compartments inside the cell is called the
________.
The pigment that gives plants their green color is ________.
The network of very tiny rods and filaments that forms a
framework for the cell is called the__________.
In plants, the structures that transform light energy into
chemical energy are called ________.
Conclusion Guide (Page 6)
Practice Assessment #5: Vocabulary Review Part 2. Write the term
in parentheses that makes each statement correct.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(Phospholipids, Transport proteins) make up the selectively
permeable membrane that controls which molecules enter and
leave the cell.
Short, hair like projections used for locomotion are (cilia, flagella).
In the cell the breakdown of molecules in order to release energy
occurs in the (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus).
An organism with a cell that lacks a true nucleus is a(n)
(prokaryote, eukaryote).
The movement of materials into and out of the cells is controlled
by the (cytoplasm, plasma membrane).
The small, membrane-bound structures inside a cell are
(chromatin, organelles).
In a cell, the sites of protein synthesis are the (ribosomes,
nucleolus).
Cell structures that contain digestive enzymes are (plastids,
lysosomes).
Conclusion Guide (Page 7)
Practice Assessment #6: Understanding Concepts Part A. Choose the
letter of the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
1.
Cell walls of multicellular plants are composed mainly of
-cellulose
-chitin
-pectin
-vacuoles.
2.
The terms least closely related to the others is
-cytoskeleton
-microfilaments -microtubule
-cell juncture
3.
In a chloroplast, the stacks of membranous sacs are called
-stroma
-grana
-plastids
-thylakoid membrane
4.
The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the
-cytoplasm -mitochondrion -cell wall - plasma membrane
5.
If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a(n)
-plant cell -eukaryotic cell - animal cell
- prokaryotic cell
Conclusion Guide (Page 8)
6.
One advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes is their
-size
-two-dimensional image
-higher magnification
–use of live specimens
7.
When a cell is ready to reproduce, its DNA is packed into (use page 64)
- chromosomes
-chromatin
-nucleoli
-nucleoids
8.
The scientist who first described living cells as seen through a simple
microscope was.
-van Leeuwenhoek -Schleiden -Hooke -Schwann
9.
Each of the following is a main idea of the cell theory except
-all organisms are composed of cells
-the cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms
-all cells are similar in structure and function
-all cells come from preexisting cells
10.
A plasma membrane is made up of a(n)
-cholesterol layer -enzyme bilayer -phospholipid bilayer -protein layer
Conclusion Guide (Page 9)
Practice Assessment #7: Understanding Concepts Part B.
The diagram below of a bacterium shows a light area with
no surrounding membrane in the center of the cell. This
area contains a single large DNA molecule . Use the
diagram to answer questions of the following slide.
Conclusion Guide (Page 10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identify the structures labeled A, B, and D.
Based on the diagram above, would a scientist classify this
cell as a prokaryote cell or a eukaryote? Explain.
In plants, cells that transport water against the force of gravity
are found to contain many more mitochondria than do some
other plant cells. What is the reason for this outcome?
Why did it take almost 200 years after Hooke discovered cells
for the cell theory to be developed?
Works Cited
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm
http://www.iwire.com.br/guilherme/common/images/misc/wallpapers/bloodcells.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/cells/elodeacell.jpg
http://www.vetref.net/emscope/range01.gif
http://www.prynearson.com/light-microscope-diagram-3.gif
http://www.vetref.net/emscope/schematic.gif
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.gif
http://www.awcommunity.org/objects/ananas/virus!.jpg
http://lattas.org/city%20of%20lights.jpg
http://www.bradford.ac.uk/staff/pghopkin/factory.gif
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl3-03.jpg
After completing the test move onto Unit #5