Transcript The Reformation

The Reformation
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: WHAT CONDITIONS CAN ENCOURAGE THE DESIRE FOR
REFORM? HOW CAN REFORM INFLUENCE SOCIETY AND BELIEFS?
Prelude to Reformation
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Christian Humanism: a movement that developed in
northern Europe during the Renaissance combining
classical learning (humanism) with the goal of
reforming the Catholic Church
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Need for Reform
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Sought to reform the Church from within
Church officials more concerned about career/wealth
Indulgence: a release from all or part of punishment for
sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory
after death
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Sold by the Church and signed by the Pope
Martin Luther and the NinetyFive Theses
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Martin Luther
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German monk
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Believed humans saved through their faith, not good works
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Bible only valid source of truth
The Ninety-Five Theses
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Luther angry about selling of indulgences
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Said to have posted “complaints” on door of Castle Church in
Wittenberg
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Thousands of copies made thanks to printing press
A Break with the Church
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Luther excommunicated
The Rise of Lutheranism
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Luther supported by German rulers
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Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that
Martin Luther developed
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Took control of Catholic churches, forming
state churches
The first Protestant faith
The Peasant’s War
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Rebellious peasants turned to Luther for
support
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Luther supported German princes
Political Impact
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Religious warfare in Germany
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German princes sided with Luther as a way to
oppose papal authority
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Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) unable to defeat
them due to other political struggles
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
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Formally accepted the division of Christianity in
Germany
The Spread of Protestantism
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Protestantism in Switzerland
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Reform movement led by priest, Ulrich Zwingli
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Killed in war between Protestant and Catholic
states
John Calvin
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Took over Protestantism in Switzerland
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Introduced the idea of predestination (belief that
God has determined in advance who will be saved
and who will be damned)
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Became most important form of Protestantism
Reformation in England
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King Henry VIII
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Request for divorce/annulment from wife Catherine
denied by pope
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Led the England’s break from the Catholic Church
Anne Boleyn
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Henry’s new wife and queen
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Gave birth to future Queen Elizabeth I
Anglican Church (Church of England)
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King was the head of the Church
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Dissolved monasteries and sold their lands/possessions
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Remained similar to Catholicism
Reformation in England
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Edward VI succeeded Henry
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Son of Henry’s third wife
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Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant
direction
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Edward died at 16 from tuberculosis
Mary I (Bloody Mary) succeeded Edward
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Catherine’s daughter and a Catholic
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Ordered burning of almost 300 Protestants
The Spread of Protestantism
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Anabaptists
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Believed in complete separation of church and state
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Persecuted by both Protestants and Catholics
Reformation and Society
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Protestants expanded education
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Abolished monasticism and celibacy requirement for clergy
Anti-Semitism
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Remained common
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Luther recommended Jewish synagogues be destroyed
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Catholics forced Jews to live in ghettos
The Counter-Reformation
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Society of Jesus (The Jesuits)
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Founded by Ignatius Loyola (Spain)
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Used education to restore Catholicism and spread
it to other parts of the world
Reform of the Papacy
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Pope Paul III established the Reform Commission
and the Council of Trent
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Council reaffirmed Catholic teachings
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Selling of indulgences forbidden