Transcript Reformers called for change in the Catholic Church, but some broke

Section 3
The Protestant
Reformation
The Protestant
Reformation
The Big Idea
Efforts to reform the Roman Catholic
Church led to changes in society and the
creation of new churches.
I can list and explain the internal problems
which weakened the Catholic Church
including:
Tax policies
Selling of indulgences
England’s break with the Catholic Church
I can explain the reasons for the growing
unhappiness with the Catholic Church and
the main ideas of the following men;
John Calvin – predestination
Desiderius Erasmus – Free Will
William Tyndale – translating the Bible into
English
Main Idea 1:
Reformers called for change in the Catholic
Church, but some broke away to form new
churches.
By the late Renaissance, people had begun to
complain about problems in the Catholic Church.
They called on its leaders to end corruption and
focus on religion.
Their calls led to a reform movement against the
Roman Catholic Church called the Reformation.
Unpopular Church Practices
People felt that the clergy and the pope had become
too political.
The way the church raised money was also
considered unfair. The sale of indulgences was
unpopular.
An indulgence was a document given by the pope that
excused a person from penalties for sins he or she had
committed.
The idea that the church was letting people buy their way
into heaven made Christians angry.
These unpopular practices weakened the church,
and people began calling for reform.
Tax policies: the Catholic Church collected taxes
from subjects and sent a large portion of those
revenues to the Pope in Italy. Churches did not pay
taxes to the nation that the church was in,
frustrating monarchs.
Henry VIII wanted to leave his marriage. The
pope refused Henry’s request, so he left the
Catholic Church and created his own church.
The Church of England, or Anglican Church,
was much like the Catholic Church, but it
opened the door for other churches to form.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints
to the door of a church in Wittenberg.
This list was called the Ninety-five Theses.
The printing press allowed this list to be spread to neighboring
states.
Luther thought that anyone could have a direct relationship
with God.
He did not believe that priests had to speak to God for the
people.
Beliefs should be based on the Bible, not interpreted by
priests or the pope.
Luther translated the Bible into German so that Europeans
could read it for the first time.
http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-9389283
John Calvin
John Calvin believed that
God knew who would be
saved even before they
were born. This is called
predestination. Nothing
that people did during
their lives would change
God’s plan, but it was
important to live a good
life and obey God’s laws.
http://www.biography.com/peo
ple/john-calvin-9235788
Desiderius Erasmus
Erasmus was a scholar from Rotterdam.
In the late 1490s, he served as a
secretary to the bishop of Chambray.
While employed by the bishop he traveled to
Paris, France where he first learned of
Renaissance humanism.
In the early 1500s he wrote In Praise of Folly, a book in which
he wrote of the various abuses of the Catholic Church.
Erasmus supported Protestant ideals but did not favor Martin
Luther’s extreme turning away from the established
church.
He is most noted for his belief in Free Will which is the belief
that man chooses how to live and whether or not to
accept Christ.
William Tyndale
William Tyndale could read and
write in 8 languages.
He didn’t think it made sense to
have church services in Latin
when few people could understand
the language.
The Catholic Church had decreed
that the official language of the
Church was Latin and forbade any
translations of the Bible into any
other languages.
He translated the Bible into
English and was declared a heretic
and hunted down.
He was ultimately betrayed and
captured the Catholic authorities
had him executed by strangulation
and burning at the stake.
Main Idea 2:
The Catholic Reformation was an attempt to
reform the church from within.
Protestantism spread in the later 1500s and
1600s. Catholic leaders responded to stop this
spread.
The effort to reform the Catholic Church from
within is called the Catholic Reformation, or
Counter-Reformation.
The Growth of Roman Catholic Spain
In 1492 the king and queen defeated the last
Muslim forces in Spain.
Muslims and Jews who remained in Spain were
forced to convert to Catholicism.
The Spanish Inquisition was organized
to seek out and punish Muslims and
Jews who had converted but secretly
kept their old beliefs.
The Catholic Church was ruthless in
carrying out the Inquisition and
later sought out Protestants.
The Catholics had very little
opposition left in Spain.
New Religious Orders
In some parts of Europe, Catholic
leaders responded to Protestant
criticism by forming new
religious orders, or communities.
•
•
The first new order in Spain was
created by Ignatius of Loyola.
•The order was called the Society of Jesus, or the
Jesuits.
•The Jesuits were a religious order created to serve
the pope and the church.
•Jesuits were trained to be as disciplined as soldiers
in their religious duties.
•By teaching people about Catholic ideas, Jesuits
hoped to turn people against Protestantism.
Jesuits
The Jesuits are noted for their
educational, missionary, and
charitable works.
From the beginning education has
been a goal of the Jesuits.
Pope Francis is a Jesuit.
The Council of Trent
Catholic leaders met together to discuss more
ways to reform the Catholic Church. This meeting
was known as the Council of Trent.
The Council of Trent
•The council restated the importance of the
clergy in interpreting the Bible.
This was in reference to Luther’s belief in justification by
faith alone. ( That men did not need a priest to give
salvation.)
•The council ordered the bishops to live in the
areas where their churches were located.
•The council officially rejected the ideas of the
Protestant leaders.
•The pope created religious courts to punish
Protestants found in Italy.
This group was responsible for the trial of Galileo Galilei
which forced him (under the threat of torture)to recant
his findings on the nature of the solar system. Galileo died
after being held in house arrest for 27 years
Catholic Missionaries
•Missionaries were people whose goal was to take
Catholic teachings around the world.
•Many of the new Catholic missionaries were
Jesuits. These priests went to Africa, Asia, and
America.
•One of the most important missionaries was a
Jesuit named Francis Xavier, who took
Catholicism to India and Japan.
•Missionaries baptized millions of people, and
through their work the effects of the Catholic
Reformation reached far beyond Europe.
Main Idea 3:
The political impact of the Reformation
included religious wars and social
change.
I can locate and identify the European
regions that remained Catholic and
those that became Protestant
Prior to 1520 virtually all of Europe was Roman
Catholic.
By 1560 a religious map of Europe was very
different.
In Spain nearly everyone was still Catholic.
In northern countries people were mostly
Protestant.
The Holy Roman Empire was a patchwork of
different kingdoms, some Protestant and some
Catholic.
These divisions led to political conflicts.
Religious Wars in France
•Protestants in France were called Huguenots.
•The Huguenots and the Catholics began a war
when the Catholic king banned all Protestant
religions.
–Violence began in 1562 and did not end until
1598.
Massacre de Vassy in 1562,
Fighting was ended by
the Edict of Nantes,
which granted religious
freedom to the
Protestants in France,
except in Paris and a
few other cities.
Edict of Nantes
Religious Wars in the Holy Roman Empire
King of Bohemia forced everyone in the kingdom
to become Catholic. (This was a problem because the
majority of the population were Calvinists.)
Protestants rose up in revolt in 1618. (They threw some
of the new king’s advisors out of the window of a church.)
This led to the Thirty Years’ War.
The war grew, and both sides called on other
countries to come to their aid.
Religious Wars in the Holy Roman Empire
After 30 years of fighting, an agreement was
reached—The Treaty of Westphalia.
It allowed rulers to decide whether their countries
would be Catholic or Protestant.
The states of Germany became independent with
no single rule, independent of the Holy Roman
Empire.
Social Changes
•Through the Protestant Church, people began to
make decisions about their churches. Now that
they had that power, they also wanted political
power.
•Local towns began to govern themselves, and the
national government had to share power.
•The sharing of power between local governments
and a strong central government is called
federalism.
•On an individual level, people began to think
more for themselves and to investigate on their
own.