Transcript martin luther - Cloudfront.net

Bellwork - 2 songs
• “Even if I knew that tomorrow the world
would go to pieces, I would still plant my
apple tree.”
– Martin Luther
• What do you think Martin Luther was trying
to say? (Yes, you do have to write all of
this.)
7.54
• Explain the significance of the causes for the
internal turmoil within and eventual
weakening of the Catholic Church including
tax policies, selling of indulgences, and
England’s break with the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther
Who was Martin Luther?
• Born in Germany in
1483.
• After surviving a
violent storm, he
vowed to become a
monk.
• Lived in the city of
Wittenberg.
• Died in 1546.
Definitions
Protest
To express strong
objection
Reform
To improve by
correcting errors
Problems in the Church
• Corruption
• Political Conflicts
Corruption
• The Church raised
money through
practices like
simony and selling
indulgences.
Indulgences
•“An indulgence was the remission of the
temporal penalty due to forgiven sin, in
virtue of the merits of Christ and the saints.
It exempted either the bearer, or a dead
friend or relative of the bearer, from the
punishment associated with the sin. “
– In other words: people could buy
forgiveness and a ticket to heaven by
handing over money to the Church.
Advantages of Buying
Indulgences
Go Directly to Heaven!
• Do not go to Purgatory!
• Get through Purgatory faster!
• Do not pass Go!
Simony
• Another way of making money was the
practice of selling positions of authority in
the Church. This widespread practice was
known as simony. Some people bought
multiple Church offices, and used these
positions as a source of income.
Political Conflict
KINGS AND
QUEENS
POPES
Papal Schism
Rome
Avignon
• In 1301, King Philip IV tried to tax the French clergy.
• The pope threatened to excommunicate the king so
the king kidnapped the pope! He was later released.
• The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters
of the Church from Rome to Avignon in southern
France where it remained for the next 70 years.
• Many people felt that the French kings controlled the
Church.
Three Popes!
• The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope
Gregory then moved the papacy back to
Rome in 1377.
• When Gregory died, the French cardinals
did not like the new pope in Rome, so they
elected a different pope in Avignon.
• Later, a Church council elected a third
pope.
Calls for Reform
• John Wycliffe (1330-1384)
– Questioned the authority of
the pope
• Jan Hus (1370-1415)
– Criticized the vast wealth of
the Church
• Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
– Attacked corruption in the
Church
But there were none like
Martin Luther!
Martin Luther
• Many things helped to fuel the fire of the
reformation but it was a monk, Martin
Luther, who in 1519 lit the first match.
• The movement began in Wittenberg, a city
in the German-speaking region known as
Saxony.
• There, Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five
Theses to the cathedral door.
• For the church, the way to salvation was by
following the practices and rituals of
Catholicism.
• For Luther, salvation came through faith in
Christ and belief in the truth of the Bible.
Luther’s argument became knows as
“justification of faith.”
Protestant Teaching:
Justification by Faith Alone
• The Bible is the
only source of
truth.
• People can read
and understand
the Bible
themselves.
Luther’s Bible
• Salvation comes
only through
faith in Christ.
The Movement Spreads
throughout Europe
• When the pope, Leo X, issued a directive condemning
Luther’s ideas, Luther publicly set fire to the
document.
• Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and a loyal
Catholic, ordered Luther to recant. Luther refused,
and the fire continued to spread.
• Luther’s opposition to the Church became a focus for
others throughout Europe. Those who were unhappy
with the Church for their own reasons rallied behind
Luther.
• For many, Luther’s revolt provided an opportunity to
break with the Church and reject the authority of
Rome.
• Within a short time religious uprisings and wars
erupted across the continent.
Excommunication
• Luther was brought before the Diet of
Worms.
• In January 1521, Luther was
excommunicated from the Church.
The Printing Press
• Luther’s ideas spread
quickly with the help of
the printing press.
• Luther’s supporters
distributed copies of
his speeches and
essays far and wide.
• Millions of people sided
with Luther against the
Roman Catholic
Church.
A New Church
• Luther soon had many
followers.
• His supporters began to
organize a new Christian
denomination.
• Several German princes
supported Luther.
• Lutherans and Catholics
fought each other.
• The first wars ended with the
Treaty of Augsburg, but
fighting in Europe over
religion continued to the midseventeenth century.
Saint Bartholomew’s
Day massacre
Lutheranism
• Luther’s followers
disagreed with many
of the teachings of
the Catholic Church.
• They rejected the
authority of Church
councils and the
pope.
• Reading the Bible
was the only way to
learn how to lead a
good life.
Luther translated
the Bible into
German
The Reformation spread to
other countries.
• France and Switzerland:
John Calvin preached the
idea of “predestination”
and that some people
had been chosen by God
for salvation.
• England:
King Henry VIII refused to
recognize the Roman
Catholic Church and
started a new church, the
Church of England.
Protestant = Christian
The End
25
Additional Slide
Not for notes
In Germany, Luther looked to
sympathetic German princes for
support, and some came to his defense,
sheltering him from Charles V.
• Lutheranism continued to grow, often in the face
of fierce opposition from the Catholic clergy.
• Fighting between Catholics and Protestants
continued during the rest of Luther’s lifetime.
• Nine years after his death, Charles V agreed to
the Peace of Augsburg, recognizing the practices
of Luther’s new Church, even though religious
wars continued in Europe for more than a
century.
• One change was permanent: even though the
Roman Catholic Church continued to thrive in
much of the subcontinent, it never again spoke
for all Western European Christians