Transcript Reformations: Themes


General Unrest with authority
› Wycliffe
› Increase of cities, guilds
Increase in Nationalism
 Return to Sources

› Ad fontes
Uneducated priest
 Sense of complacency
 Corruption

› Land ownership
› Struggles with temporal authorities

Salvation as an economic exercise
› Sale of indulgences

Emphasis on God’s judgment
Monastic
 Doctor (teacher) of theology
 Influenced by nominalism

› Reason is a “whore” – will mislead
› There is no true “free will”
› All men are evil at the core; good = good in
the eyes of men
› Human authority is suspect

Travels to Rome
› Disillusioned
Inner Turmoil – finding a merciful God
 95 theses

› Assumed support of the pope

Diet at Worms
› Diet = congress or meeting
› Worms = city
› “Here I stand”
Emphasis on conscience as key authority
 Separation of Church into two parts

› Visible = located on earth
› Invisible = located in the heart (not heaven)
Distrust of any human authority (pope,
kings, councils)
 Redefines Sacraments

› Rejects Confirmation, Anointing, Marriage,
Holy Orders

Goal: reform, not schism
› Schism happens when Luther does not get
his way
› Later Lutherans reject Tradition, Apostolic
succession, councils, some books of the
Scriptures, perpetual virginity of Mary,
assumption of Mary, immaculate
conception

Table Exercise 1

Table Exercise 1

Table Exercise 2

Table Exercise 2
Germany already split into different
factions
 Some factions supported and protected
Luther

› Some against pope or other powers
› Some for theological reasons

Peasants revolt
› Not sanctioned by Luther
› Similar to revolt in England during Wycliffe’s
time
Frenchman
 Systematized Protestant theology

› The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Rejected transubstantiation, Apostolic
succession
 Double Predestination
 Established theocracy in Switzerland
 Influenced Presbyterians, Anglicans,
Methodists, some Baptists


Pages 249-250

Pages 249-250
Swiss
 Rejected substance of sacraments
 Iconoclast


Henry VIII
› Catholic faith but not Catholic morals

Edward VI
› More Protestant

Mary
› Attempts to restore Catholic Faith
Elizabeth: the Settlement
 Blending of Lutheran and Calvin with
some Catholic ideas

› Accepts hierarchy, councils
› Rejects 7 sacrament, apostolic succession
France divided
 Germany divided
 England to King Henry VIII
 Scandinavia: Lutheran
 Italy and Southern Europe: Catholic


Table Exercise V

Table Exercise V

Adrian VI tried to win back Lutherans
› Dialogue
› Good example
› Only lived 1 year as pope
Other popes too busy or unconcerned
 Finally, Paul III calls the Council of Trent


In Class

In Class

Occurs 1545-1563 in Trent
› Three main meetings because of complexity
of issues

Main Goals
› Address all principles and doctrines of
Protestantism
› Reform Catholic discipline (canons)
The Church is ultimate interpreter of
Scriptures
 Faith is necessary, but works also aid
one’s salvation
 Reaffirmed indulgences, but
condemned sale
 Reaffirmed importance of church art
 Organized church worship


Complete the following table on the
Lutheran doctrines addressed by the
Council Fathers.

Complete the following table on the
Lutheran doctrines addressed by the
Council Fathers.

Original Sin & Free Will
› Original Sin did not destroy human freedom
or a person’s ability to cooperate with
grace.

Sacraments: Officially Seven
› Each Sacrament described

Canons:
› Rules for appointing bishops
› Better training was mandated for the clergy.

Catholic
› Uniform Faith
› Uniform discipline
› Uniform worship

Protestant
› Trent is wrong; start again
› Conciliarism (democracy)

Optimistic spirit
› Importance of free will & good deeds
› Essential goodness of humans
› Beauty as a divine gift

Religious Orders
› Return (again) to original purpose: ora et
labora

Key persons
› St John of the Cross & St Teresa of Avila
 life of prayer and growth of soul
› St Philip Neri
 spiritual formation of priests
“Soldiers for Christ”
 St Ignatius of Loyola
 Education
 Evangelization

› St Francis Xavier
Ottoman Turks attack Europe again
 Hungary defeated; Vienna under siege
 Turning point: Malta holds off invasion

› 8600 vs. 30,000
Holy League (Christian League) formed
to defend Europe
 Lepanto in Italy attacked

› Importance of the Rosary
Elizabeth overthrows Mary
 England becomes major power
defending Protestantism
 Elizabeth persecutes Catholics

› Wants Catholics to become Anglican
› Harsh laws against Catholics

Scotland and England
› Encouraged taking church land
› John Knox – Presbyterians (north or south?)

Ireland
› Goal: to abolish Catholicism
› Means: She abolished the Gaelic language,
sent Protestant overlords to control
agriculture, and destroyed the crops and
livestock
› Result: Catholic faith deepened and
increased.

Determined and inventive
› A priest’s hole
 http://www.harvingtonhall.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/DSC_8374.jpg
Scholars move to Europe
 Douay-Rheims translation
 Spain attempts to invade England

Lutherans and Calvinists compete in
Germany
 Catholics win back Protestants in
southern Germany

› St Peter Canisius’ Catechism is significant

Peace of Augsburg
› cuius regio, eius religio ("Whose realm, his
religion")

Philip III (Spain) invades Netherlands to
wipe out Calvinists

Begins with Defenestration of Prague
› Who is defenestrated?

Protestant kings
› Christian IV (Denmark)
› Frederick V (German with Dutch & English)
› Gustavus Adolfus (Sweden)

Catholic kings
› Ferdinand II (Spain)

Turncoat
› Cardinal Richelieu (why?)
Germany devastated
 No clear winner

› Fights to a draw

Treaty of Westphalia
› France is major power
› Balance of power achieved
› National self-determination achieved
› International Law begins

Look at the map on p. 288. Compare
with p. 261. What can you conclude
about Europe after the Thirty Years War?

Look at the map on p. 290. Identify
features of the map and explain why
they are so distorted compared to
modern maps.

How did the Reformation encourage
missionary expansion?
› What was the key evangelization effort in
Europe?
What two key discoveries led to the
missionary expansion of the Church?
 Which religious order was primarily
responsible for this work?


Protestants

› Ignored culture, or saw culture as barbaric




Catholics
Used colonization
Focused on “saving sinners”



Work done by clergy and laity
Negative: exploitation, opportunistic
Used colonization
Focused on fitting faith to culture
Encouraged intermarriage
Work primarily done by monastics
(religious orders)
Negative: exploitation, opportunistic

Went to India and Japan
› Why not China?

Focused on correcting immoral
behaviors
› Why would this be a good method?

Winsome Features
› Learned languages of native peoples
› Showed charity, kindness to all

Left behind well-trained successors and
a strong administrative structure

Contributions
› Founded Catholic church in Japan

Influence
› Set pattern for future missionary work in Far
East

St. Francis Xavier is credited with having
converted more people than anyone
since St. Paul

In some cases, “missionary work” simply
meant gathering together those who
had lost contact with the Catholic
Church.
The Chinese were satisfied with the
excellence of their traditions and
civilization
 Strong philosophy based on truth and
justice.
 Saw missionary efforts as an attempt to
change their culture

Appreciated and valued the culture
 Blended the Eastern and Western worlds
in an attractive and compatible way

› Dress as Eastern, used Western ideas
unfamiliar to East
Showed respect, earned respect
 Befriended emperor

Assimilate local customs
 Learn and incorporate culture
 Learn language
 Integrate into culture

Wary of Western domination
 Began persecutions in 1724
 Suppressed Jesuit order in 1773
 By the 19th century, the number of
Chinese Catholics was only about
300,000
 Similar pattern followed in Japan

Support of European governments
 Apparition of B.V.M.
 Work with a partner to perform a
paragraph shrink on the paragraph
“In the Spanish missions…” (p. 298).

› 3-5 sentences

Canada
› French missionaries among the Native
Americans

Maryland