Transcript Ch 9-210 - EDSP-210

Chapter 9
Deafness and Hearing Loss
Exceptional Children: An Introduction
Title, Edition
to Special Education, 9th Edition
ISBN 013514454X
ISBN
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Definitions of Hearing Loss
IDEA definition
 A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child
has difficulty processing linguistic information and it
adversely affects educational performance
Difference between deafness and hard of hearing
Deaf: The student is not able to hear even with a
hearing aid
 Hard of hearing: Significant hearing loss that makes
special adaptations necessary
Many persons who are deaf do not view hearing loss as a
disability
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Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
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© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Characteristics of Students with
Hearing Loss
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Students who receive special education because of hearing
loss are a homogeneous group
Levels of functioning influenced by:
 Degree of hearing loss
 Age of onset
 Attitudes of parents and siblings
 Opportunities to acquire a first language
 The presence of other disabilities
The extent to which a child successfully interacts depends
largely on others’ attitudes and the child’s ability to
communicate in some mutually accepted way
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
3
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Characteristics of Students with
Hearing Loss
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Literacy
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Have a difficult time acquiring language skills
Smaller vocabularies than peers, which widens with age
Can learn concrete words – tree, run, book – difficulty
with abstract words – before, after, the, a, etc.
May omit word endings – ed, ing
Difficulty with past tense – talk is talked – shouldn’t go
be goed
Difficulty differentiating questions from statements
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
4
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Characteristics of Students with
Hearing Loss
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Speaking
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Atypical speech is common
Often speak to loudly or not loudly enough
 Due to the inability to hear and monitor their speech
Academic Achievement
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Difficulty with reading and math – often lag behind peers
Gap widens as they get older
Important not to equate achievement with intelligence
Deficits may be due to inadequate development of
language – some students may excel academically
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
5
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Characteristics of Students with
Hearing Loss

Social Functioning
 May feel isolated, without friends, and unhappy
in school
 Social problem are often worse when children
have a mild to moderate hearing loss
 Often have more behavioral problems than
peers – often due to frustration
 Frequently express feelings of depression and
withdrawal
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
6
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Prevalence
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According to ASHA, 10% have a chronic
hearing loss
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The large majority of persons with hearing
loss are adults
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About 1.2% of school age children receive
special education services for hearing loss
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About one-third of students who are deaf or
hard of hearing have another disabling
condition
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
7
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Types of Hearing Loss
Age of onset is important for determining
educational needs
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Conductive Hearing Loss
 Results from abnormalities or complications of
the outer or middle ear
Sensorineural hearing loss
 Damage to the auditory nerve fibers or other
sensitive mechanisms in the inner ear
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
8
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Types and Causes of Hearing Loss
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Congenital hearing loss is present at birth
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Causes of congenital hearing loss
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Genetic Factors
Maternal Rubella – German Measles
Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – Viral Infection (respiratory)
Premature birth
Acquired hearing loss appears after birth
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Pre-lingual hearing loss before speech develops
Post-lingual hearing loss after speech develops
Causes of acquired hearing loss
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Otitis Media – infection of the middle ear
Meningitis – infection of the central nervous system
Ménière’s Disease – inner ear disorder – sudden attacks of vertigo
Noise-induced hearing loss
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
9
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Technologies That Amplify or Provide Sound
Hearing aids
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Hearing aids make sounds louder but not necessarily clearer
The earlier in life a child is fitted the more effectively he will learn to
use hearing
Hearing aids offer minimal benefit in noisy and reverberant
classrooms
Group Assistive listening devices
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A radio link established between the teacher and the child can
solve problems caused by distance and noise
Cochlear implants
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A cochlear implant bypasses damaged hair cells and stimulates
the auditory nerve directly
Tremendous controversy surrounds cochlear implants in the deaf
community
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
10
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Supports and Technologies that Supplement
or Replace Sound Interpreters
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Interpreting
 Signing the speech of a teacher of other speaker for a person who
is deaf
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Speech-to-text translation
 Computer devices that translate speech to text
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Television captioning
 Printed text that appears at the bottom of the screen
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Text telephones
 Allows the user to send a typed message over telephone lines
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Alerting devices
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
11
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Educational Approaches
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Oral/Aural Approaches
 Auditory Learning
 Speechreading
 Cued Speech
 Visual Phonics
Total Communication
 Simultaneous presentation of language by speech and
manual communication
American Sign Language (ASL) and the BilingualBicultural Approach
 ASL is a legitimate language in its own right
 The goal of the bilingual-bicultural approach is to help
deaf students become bilingual adults who can read
and write with competence in their second language
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
12
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Educational Placement
Alternatives
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Approximately 86% of children who are deaf or hard
of hearing attend local public schools
 49% receive most of their education in general
education classroom
 18% attend resource rooms
 19% are served in special classrooms
 7% attend special schools
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
13
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Postsecondary Education
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About 40% of all students with
hearing loss go on to college
education
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 9th Edition
Heward
ISBN 013514454X
14
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.