Transcript Towards Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment for Students

Situation of Children with Hearing
Impairments in Ethiopia
Presentation Layout
I.
Understanding hearing impairment
II. Prevalence and etiological conditions in Ethiopia
III. Developmental effects of hearing impairment
IV. Educational situation of children with hearing impairment
V.
Early Identification and Intervention practices
VI. Inclusive Education : The Way of the Future
1. Understanding Hearing
Impairment
Hearing Impairment
 The Deaf
 The Hard of Hearing
 Educational & medical definitions
HI & its possible impacts
DEGREE OF
HEARING LOSS
(Varna,1993)
DECIBELS
POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON SPEECH
POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON
(DB hl)
AND LANGUAGE
ADJUSTMENT AND
BEHAVIOUR
None
0
Mild
20- 40
Moderate
41 - 70
Slight difficulties
Difficulties in speech receptivity
May show slight deficit
May show behavioral
difficulties
Severe
Profound
71 - 95
95+
Difficulties in speaking omissions in
Social problems as well as
spoken language.
educational difficulties
Have marked difficulties in
Educational limitations,
understanding speech and speech
behavior and social skills
may be unintelligible.
may be immature
2. Prevalence of Hearing
Impairment in Ethiopia
Incidence and prevalence of hearing impairment in Ethiopia
Onset of Hearing Impairment
Age
Per cent
3-5
32%
6-9
16%
Prevalence :15 %
10-12
8%
13-15
16%
15-25
16%
3. Ethological Conditions of
Hearing Impairment
3.1 Disabling factors and types of Hearing Impairment
Causes of Hearing Impairment



Congenital conditions
Acquired conditions
Unknown
3.2 Site of Hearing Impairment
 Outer ear
 Middle ear
 Inner ear
3.3 Causes of HI Ethiopia
No
8%
Accident
28%
Fever
24%
Meningitis
16%
Unknown
24%
4. Developmental Profile of Children
with Hearing Impairments
4.1 Language Development
(Deaf & Hard of Hearing )
a) Communication Methods
Oral Communication
Manual Communication
Total Communication
b) Sign Language
4.2 Cognitive and Learning
Characteristics
Impact of lack of Interaction
Psychosocial situation
(cognitive, emotional & behavioral
factors)
Learning Characteristics
The Deaf
•Pre-lingually Deaf
•Post-lingually Deaf
The Hard of Hearing
4.3 Socio-emotional
development
a) Family & social environment
Children from deaf parents
Children from hearing parents
b) Onset of hearing impairment
Pre-lingually Deaf
Post-lingually Deaf
C) Hard of Hearing Children
4.3 Psychomotor conditions
Gross motor skills

Balance and Equilibrium
5. Educational Status of Children
with Hearing Impairments
(Tigray, special school for the deaf)
Ethiopian School System
Early Childhood Care and Education
1
1st Cycle
1
1 2 3
TL
1
2
2
3
3
Primary Education 4
5
6
7
2nd Cycle
8
Secondary Education -1st Cycle
TL 2
9
10
Ethiopian School System Cont…
2nd Cycle Secondary Education TVET
11
12
L3
Higher
Education
L4
L5
Education of Children with Disabilities
in Ethiopia (2011)
Total Number of enrollment ,96, 389
Educational Delivery :
• Special Schools
• Special Classes
• Reversed Inclusion
• Inclusive Education
Enrollment of Children with Special Needs
Education in Primary schools (grades 1-8)
(MoE,2011)
Disability
Male
Female
Total
Visual
4039
2977
7016
Motor
7361
5992
12653
Hearing
2242
1729
3971
Intellectual
35783
26068
61851
Other
6335
4563
10898
Total
55760
40629
96389
Education of Children with Disabilities in
Ethiopia : Challenges
7. Early Intervention and inclusive
practices
Early Intervention
Traditional practices
Home-based services
Early childhood education
Inclusive Practices

Discussions and debates

Challenges of IE
Reflections
Attitude
towards
disability
G.Negative
Attitude
towards
CwDs
MIXED
Attitude
towards IE
MIXED
Interaction
Home &
School
NO & YES
Cycles
No-Cycle
Predominant
Lack of acceptance
& sensitivity
No sharing &
exchange of feelings
Little eye &
physical contact
No attention Child’s need
systems
Low expectation
Sensitizing parents & teachers & to
promote
Yes-Cycle
Responding to the
needs of the child
Mediation of
competence
Body contact and eye
contact
Sharing
feelings
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. How do people understand and
communicate with a deaf person in your
community ?
2. Compare & contrast the learning
characteristics of a deaf child and a hard
of hearing child?
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
3. What are the developmental implications
of being pre-lingually and post-lingually
deaf ?
4. Discuss the development implications of
a child brought –up in a deaf and hearing
family ?
5. What is your opinion about the deaf
culture & the education of the deaf in an
inclusive setting ?
Thank You !!
The child needs an adult to convey,
interpret, analyze and understand his/her
world
[open the appetite]
World
Adult
Child