Transcript Chapter 19 - McGraw Hill Higher Education

Chapter 19
Psychological Changes in
Adults
© Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development.
McGraw-Hill
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Key Concept
Throughout Adulthood, Changes in
the Body’s Physiological Systems
May Influence Motor Performance
and May Represent a Mechanism of
the Aging Process
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What Is “Old”?
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AARP (50+)
Conventional wisdom in the USA
(65+)
Conventional wisdom in the “real
world”
An aging population (figure 19.1a & b)
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Three Principles of Aging
and Motor Performance
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Task specificity (specific demands of each
task determine rate & extent of performance
decline)
Inter-individual variability (differences
between individuals performance declines,
due to genetics & lifestyle choices)
Intra-individual variability (differences in the
rate of performance declines within
individuals, due to use/disuse, pathology)
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Why Do We Age?
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Senescence
Cellular level events (< cell division
potential, > genetic mutations, > free
radicals)
Immune system events (< system
effectiveness leads to > vulnerability)
Homeostasis (< in systems harmony,
reciprocal relationships among systems)
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Skeletal and Muscular
Changes (cont.)
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“Shrinkage” in height (disk
compression, posture, spine
misalignment)
Increased incidence of osteoporosis
(< bone density, women most
vulnerable)
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Skeletal and Muscular
Changes (Figures 19.2 – 4)
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Decreased muscular strength (fewer
& smaller muscle fibers)
Increased muscle atrophy (inactivity
vs. activity)
Muscular endurance (less affected
by age than muscular strength)
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Central Nervous System
Changes (cont.)
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Neuron loss (a lifelong
accumulative process)
Decreases in brain mass
(associated with neuronal loss)
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Central Nervous System
Changes
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Reduced brain plasticity (“use it or
loose it”)
Increase in brain age markers
(abnormal formations: neurofibrillary
tangles, senile plaques, lipofuscin)
Neurotransmitter changes (biochemical
changes at the synapse, ex. <Dopamine
& Parkinson’s disease)
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Circulatory & Respiratory
System Changes (Figures 19.6-7)
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Increased incidence of arteriosclerosis
(“hardening of the arteries”)
More atherosclerosis (age-related
accumulation of fatty deposits on the artery
walls)
Decreases in lung function (due more to life
habits than aging alone)
Decreases in VO2 max (age-related decline
in blood volume & muscle mass)
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Body Composition
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General increase in body weight and
BMI until approximately age 60
Decline after age 60
Intra-abdominal fat increases steadily
with age
Decreased physical activity plays key
role in weight gain
Decrease in BMR with increase in age
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Visual System Changes
(Figure 19.8)
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Decreased visual acuity (at all
distances)
Tendency for Senile miosis
(incomplete pupil dilation)
More cataracts (clouding of the
lens)
More presbyopia (poorer near
vision)
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Auditory Systems (Figure 19.9)
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Presbycusis (age-related hearing
loss)
Increased frequency of tinnitus
(ringing in the ears)
More cerumen (ear wax)
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Proprioception Changes in
the Ear
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Hearing loss (associated with
sensory cell loss, & age-related
nerve degeneration)
Loss of balance (dizziness &
vertigo often associated with agerelated changes in the vestibular
system)
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Concluding Concept
Developmental Change Is a
Process of Performance Plateauing
Followed by Regression in
Physiological Processes Over Time
in the Aging Adult.
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