Transcript Chemical and Biological Monitoring for the Marine Ecosystem

Chemical and biological monitoring
for the marine ecosystem health
assessment
Eugeniusz Andrulewicz
Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia
Department of Fisheries Oceanography
and Marine Ecology
Definition of monitoring
Monitoring has been defined by UNEP as:
”the process of repetitive observing for
defined purposes, of one or more elements
of the environment, according to
prearranged schedules in space and in time
and using comparable methodologies for
environmental sensing and data collection"
Relationship
of
monitoring
to the
decission
making
process
Identification of the main marine
environmental cocerns problems
Case: Baltic Sea
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Enhanced eutrophication
Chemical contamination
Overfishing
Oil pollution
Loss of biological diversity
Alien species
Sanitary pollution of coastal waters
Physical disturbance of habitats
Other (e.g. artificial radionuclides, dumped
chemical weapon)
Components of monitoring
programmes
• Monitoring guidelines: sample collection, s.
preservation, sample storage and analysis
• Quality Assurance Programme
• Data reporting: data formats
• Data banking: data storage and some processing
ability
• Assessment of results: scientific/background
assessment, executive assessment, popular
assessment
Usual monitoring
meteorological observations
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Wind speed
Wind direction
Barotropic pressure
Precipitation and evaporation
Solar radiation
Cloudiness
Air temperature
Humidity
Usual monitoring chemical
parameters
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Oxygen
Hydrogen sulphide
pH
Alkalinity
Total inorganic carbon
Nutrients
Usual monitoring biological
parameters
• Primary production
• Chlorophyll a
• Phytoplankton (species composition and
biomass)
• Zooplancton
• Macrozoobenthos
• Ichthyophauna
Usual monitoring pollution
parameters
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Trace metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, other)
POPs (s-DDT, s-PCB, g-HCH, HCB, other)
Petroleum hydrocarbons (Tot.UVF, PAHs)
Antropogenic radionulides (Cs-132, Cs134, Cs-137, Sr-90, K-40, Tc-99, Pu-239/240, Am241/242, Co-60,Po-210, Ra-224/226, U-233)
Additional information needed for
data interpretation
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Geographical coordinates during sapling
Methods of samling
Methods of preservation
Methods of pretreatment
Methods of analyses
Detection limits
Qality assurance information
Other relevant information
Monitoring lagoons
Considerable differences from marine and/or
freshwater conditions may be expected !
e.g. usual problems when analysing nutrients:
• usually very high concentrations
• usually high water turbidity
• usually change of water colour (e.g. due to humic
substances)
• usually there is a need for a long storage before
delivering samples for analysis in laboratoery
Usually necessry to design specific
monitoring scheme !
Modelling
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Anthropogenic load models
Analyses and model predictions
Operational forecasting models
Modelling for cost effective measures of reduction of
discharges
• Pre-operational models for for ecology
and water quality
Be craeful about data you accept for
modelling
Introduction of new monitoring
techniques
• Introduction of new analytical
techniques and sensors
• Installation of automatic buoys
• Ships of oppotunity profiles
• Satellite images
Towards timely/online/ operational
monitoring programme
Environmental assessments
• Regional approach
• Types of assessment (scientific/background
assessment, executive summary, popular
assessment, idicator-based assessment, rapid
assessment)
Towards integrated assessments
Scientific support and scientific advice
to monitoring programmes
• National Scientific Institutions/projects:
universities, institutes, laboratories, research projects
• International advisors: ICES (monitoring system
design, fishery, biology, chemistry), IAEA (radionuclides), EU
JRC (eutrophication, satellite pictures), NILU (atmosphere)
• Various EU funded research projects
European
seas
health
assessment
How to do it
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European seas monioring programs
• Monitoing of commertial fish stock assessment of
the the North-East Atlantic and adjacent seas
The oldest international monitoring programme based on national
montoring programmes and fish surveys (coordinated and
assessed by ICES)
• International monitoring programmes related to
environment (pollution)
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Baltic Sea (HELCOM)
North Sea and Northern Atlantic (OSPAR)
Arctic Seas (AMAP)
Mediterranean Sea (MED. POL)
Black Sea (Bucharest Convention)
US EPA Coastal Monitoring Programme
The Baltic Sea and its catchment
area
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Marine area: 415 th. km2
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Catchment area: 1 670 th. km2
River water input:440 km3/year
No. of inhabitants 85 mln.
Main rivers:
Neva, Vistula, Nemunas,
Daugava, Oder, Göta,
Kemijoki
The Baltic Sea
and its subbasins
(from J. Elken)
•Age:12 th. Years
•Area: 415 th. km2
•Volume: 21 th. km3
•Medium/Average depth: 55
m
•Maximum depth: 459 m
•Residence time: 25 - 40
years
HELCOM Monitoring Programme
(COMBINE)
• Baltic Monitoring Programme:
Hydrology, chemistry, biology
• Pollution Load Compillation (PLC):
River discharges and atmospheric fallout
• Coastal Monitoring Programme:
Chemistry, biology, nature conservation elements
• Monitorinng of Radioactive Substances
(MORS): man made radionulclides
HELCOM Periodic Assessments
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„0” Background Assessment, 1981
1st Periodic Assessment, 1987
2nd Periodic Assessment, 1990
3rd Periodic Assessment, 1996
4th Periodic Assessment, 2002
Specific assessments: coastal waters,
radioactivity, ediments
From hydrological, chemical and
biological approach to ecosystem-based
approach
North-East Atlantic Monitoring
Programme (OSPAR)
• The Joint Assessment and Monitoring
Programme (JMAP)
• Comprehensive Atmospheric Monitoring
Programme (CAMP)
• Comprehensive Study on Riverine Input
and Direct Discharges (RID)
• Coordinated Environmental Monitoring
Programme (CEMP)
Arctic Seas (AMAP) monitoring
programme
• Established in 1991 to implement Artic Environmental
Protection Strategy
• The marine areas north of the Aleutian chain, Hudson
Bay, and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean including the
Labrador Sea, Norwegian Sea, White Sea
• Current objectives:
- Provide information on the status and threat of
Arctic environment
- Provide scientific advise on actions to be taken
- To take remedied and preventive actions relating
to contaminants
Mediterranean Monitoring Programme
(Barcelona Convention,1976/1995)
• The Programme for the Assessment
and Control of Pollution in the
Mediterranean Region (MED POL)
• Monitoring and Research Programme of
the Mediterranean Action Plan:
pollution assessment programme
Black Sea (under Bucharest
Convention, 1992)
• Protection of Black Sea against pollution
• The Black Sea Ecosystem recovery Project
(BSERB) developed under the auspecies of
GEF and implemented by UNDP
• The Black Sea transboundary diagnostic
Analysis (eutrophication and biodiversity
problems)
Global International Water
Assessment
• Global International Water Assessments
(GIWA)
62 Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs)
• Global Ocean Observing System
(GOOS)
Baltic Oceanographic Operational Systyem (BOOS)
Present environmental status of the Baltic Sea Region
(according to GIWA)
“Severe”
(Score 3)
- Eutrophication
- Over-exploitation of fish resources
Moderate” (Score 2)
- Pollution of existing supplies
- Chemical pollution of marine area
- Oil spills at sea
- Modification of ecosystems or
ecotones
- Decreased viability of fish stock
through pollution and disease
- Impact on biological and genetic
diversity
“Slight” (score 1)
- Modification of stream flow
- Changes in the water table
- Microbiological pollution
- Suspended solids
- Solid wastes
- Radionuclides
- Loss of ecosystems
- Excessive by-catch and discards
- Destructive fishing practices
“No known” (score 0)
- Thermal pollution
- Sea level change
- Increased uv-b radiation as a result of
ozone depletion
Global Ocean Observing System
GOOS, 1991
• Service to the marine industry: shipping,
recreation, pollution, accidents, safety, fishing,
unusual events
• Integrating existing observational systems,
establish marine data base, give reliable and
on-line/timely descriptions, provide prognosis,
climate change, management of marine
resources, military uses
• Use of remotely sensed data (radar, satellites)
• Optimisation of existing models, ecological
modelling, HABs, anthropogenic load model
Baltic Sea (BOOS) demonstration
area
Already collected and processed following
observational/monitoring data
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Water exchanges
Water levels
Seabad oxygen
Sea surface
temperature
• Ice covers
• River discharges
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Wave forecast
Nutrient transports
Storm surge warnings
Flood protection
Rescue operations
Algae blooms
Thank you for your attention