Transcript Chapter 13 Advanced Arguments - Persuasive

The Effective Reader by D. J. Henry
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
PART ONE
Becoming an Effective Reader
PowerPoint by Mary Dubbé
Thomas Nelson Community College
Advanced Argument:
Persuasive Techniques
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn to:
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda,
and several types of each category.
2
Detect fallacies based on irrelevant
arguments.
3
Detect propaganda techniques based on
irrelevant arguments.
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4
Detect fallacies based on inadequate
arguments.
5
Detect propaganda techniques based on
inadequate arguments.
6
Evaluate the importance of advanced
arguments: persuasive techniques.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and
1 several types of each category.
ERRORS IN ARGUMENT
 IRRELEVANT ARGUMENT: uses details that draw
attention away from logical thought by ignoring the
issue
 INADEQUATE ARGUMENT: uses details that
oversimplify the issue and do not give enough
information to draw a proper conclusion
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and
1 several types of each category.
BIASED ARGUMENT
 FALLACY: an error in logical thought that leads to
invalid conclusions: invalid inferences, biased
opinions, or false beliefs
 PROPAGANDA: an act of persuasion that
systematically spreads biased information that is
designed to support or oppose a person, product,
cause, or organization (uses emotional appeal)
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
2 Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments.
Example of an Unbiased Statement
The iPad is a tablet computer sold by Apple Inc. that
can be used to download audio-visual material.
Example of Bias
Everyone knows that only the wealthy can afford such
expensive technology as iPads. This is just another
example of the great technological divide between
the rich and the poor.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
2 Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments.
 Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)
uses abusive remarks in place of
evidence.
He shouldn’t be permitted to seek office. We all
know that he dodged the war.
 Straw Man uses a weak argument
substituted for a stronger one.
Why are we allowing foreigners to enter the United
States? Many of them are uneducated and can’t
speak our language.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
2 Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments.
 Begging the Question
(Circular Reasoning) restates the
point of an argument as a
support or conclusion.
Essay questions are challenging because they are
difficult to write.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
3
Detect propaganda techniques based on
irrelevant arguments.
 Name-calling uses labels for a
product, idea, cause, or person.
Our manager is a liar, and we know he is cheating us.
 Testimonials use irrelevant
personal opinions to support a
product, idea, cause, or person.
You should buy these shoes because they are
endorsed by so many professional athletes.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1
Define the terms argument, claim, and
evidence.
 Bandwagon uses the irrelevant
detail that “everyone is doing it.”
Don’t get left behind. Join the thousands who
have already made the smart choice.
 Plain Folks uses the irrelevant
details to build trust on shared
values.
I’m going to support this candidate because he has
a family just like me, and he doesn’t put on airs or
wear fancy clothes like the others do.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
4
Detect fallacies based on inadequate
arguments.
 Either-Or (Black-and-White)
assumes only two sides of the
issue exist.
Either attend college or be considered a failure.
 False Comparison (False Analogy)
assumes two or more things are
similar when they are not.
The attack by the IRS on my company is just like a
terrorist attack. I don’t know where or when the next
strike will hit.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
4
Detect fallacies based on inadequate
arguments.
 False Cause (Post-Hoc)
assumes that because events
occurred around the same time,
they have a cause-effect
relationship.
Every severe recession has followed a Republican
presidency. If you elect a Republican again, we will
have another bad recession.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
5
Detect propaganda techniques based on
inadequate arguments.
 Card stacking omits factual
details in order to misrepresent a
product, causes, idea, or person.
Soccer is the best sport for children because
everyone gets to play and anyone can score a goal.
No other sport is as enjoyable or fair.
 Transfer creates an association between a
product, idea, or cause with a symbol or image
that has positive or negative values.
By choosing prayer, you are choosing America!
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
5
Detect propaganda techniques based on
inadequate arguments.
 Glittering Generalities offers
general positive statements that
cannot be verified.
My strength, speed, and endurance have all
increased by amazing leaps and bounds after
drinking Formula 1. I’ve never seen such results
from any other product.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Let’s Review!
Assess your comprehension of
the persuasive techniques of
argument.
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1.
A fallacy can be described as _____.
CHAPTER TEN
A. the evidence that supports a claim
B. a claim that is reasonable and well-supported
C. an error in logical thought
D. false emotions
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1.
A fallacy can be described as _____.
CHAPTER TEN
A. the evidence that supports a claim
B. a claim that is reasonable and well-supported
C. an error in logical thought
D. false emotions
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
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2.
A biased argument that advances or damages a cause
CHAPTER TEN
is known as _______.
A. fallacy
B. propaganda
C. ignoring the evidence
D. oversimplifying the issue
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2.
A biased argument that advances or damages a cause
CHAPTER TEN
is known as _______.
A. fallacy
B. propaganda
C. ignoring the evidence
D. oversimplifying the issue
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
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3.
Arguments that ignore the issue or change the
CHAPTER TEN
subject are often based upon _______.
A. irrelevant details
B. sound logic
C. false analogies
D. supporting details
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3.
Arguments that ignore the issue or change the
CHAPTER TEN
subject are often based upon _______.
A. irrelevant details
B. sound logic
C. false analogies
D. supporting details
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
4.
Oversimplifying an issue is a result of drawing a
CHAPTER TEN
conclusion based upon _______.
A. irrelevant arguments that ignore the point
B. biased arguments that are based on personal
opinion
C. propaganda techniques that use emotional
appeal
D. inadequate details that do not provide enough
information
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4.
Oversimplifying an issue is a result of drawing a
CHAPTER TEN
conclusion based upon _______.
A. irrelevant arguments that ignore the point
B. biased arguments that are based on personal
opinion
C. propaganda techniques that use emotional
appeal
D. inadequate details that do not provide enough
information
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
5.CHAPTER
The irrelevant
argument that shifts attention away from
TEN
a strong argument to a weaker one is called _______.
A. personal attack because it uses abusive
remarks
B. straw man because it is easier to knock down
a straw man than a real man who will fight
back
C. begging the question because it restates the
point of the argument as the support and
conclusion
D. name-calling because it uses negative labels
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5.CHAPTER
The irrelevant
argument that shifts attention away from
TEN
a strong argument to a weaker one is called _______.
A. personal attack because it uses abusive
remarks
B. straw man because it is easier to knock down
a straw man than a real man who will fight
back
C. begging the question because it restates the
point of the argument as the support and
conclusion
1
D.
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
name-calling
because it uses negative labels
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6.
The black-and-white fallacy is also known as “eitherCHAPTER TEN
or” because it assumes that _______.
A. the argument is the same as the support
B. people are all alike
C. people will be persuaded by abusive remarks
D. only two sides of an issue exist
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6.
The black-and-white fallacy is also known as “eitherCHAPTER TEN
or” because it assumes that _______.
A. the argument is the same as the support
B. people are all alike
C. people will be persuaded by abusive remarks
D. only two sides of an issue exist
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
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7.
_______ uses irrelevant details to build trust based
CHAPTER TEN
on commonly shared values.
A. Straw man
B. Name-calling
C. Testimonial
D. Plain folks
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7.
_______ uses irrelevant details to build trust based
CHAPTER TEN
on commonly shared values.
A. Straw man
B. Name-calling
C. Testimonial
D. Plain folks
1
Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each
category.
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8.
_______ uses or suggests the irrelevant detail that
CHAPTER TEN
“everyone is doing it.”
A. Straw man
B. Name-calling
C. Bandwagon
D. Plain folks
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8.
_______ uses or suggests the irrelevant detail that
CHAPTER TEN
“everyone is doing it.”
A. Straw man
B. Name-calling
C. Bandwagon
D. Plain folks
3
Detect propaganda techniques based on irrelevant arguments.
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9.
Which of the following contains a biased argument?
CHAPTER TEN
A. Reading books like Harry Potter will destroy
our children’s values.
B. Statistics show that people who read widely
often have a higher level of vocabulary than
people who don’t read.
C. The bestseller list is an indication that many
people still read books today.
D. Oprah Winfrey began a reading club on her
program.
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9.
Which of the following contains a biased argument?
CHAPTER TEN
A. Reading books like Harry Potter will destroy
our children’s values.
B. Statistics show that people who read widely
often have a higher level of vocabulary than
people who don’t read.
C. The bestseller list is an indication that many
people still read books today.
D. Oprah Winfrey began a reading club on her
program.
2
Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
10.“Are
you as tired of unrealistic talk shows as the rest
CHAPTER TEN
of us?” This is an example of a(n) _________.
A. either-or-fallacy
B. false cause fallacy
C. glittering generality
D. bandwagon
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10.“Are
you as tired unrealistic talk shows as the rest of
CHAPTER TEN
us?” This is an example of a(n) _________.
A. either-or-fallacy
B. false cause fallacy
C. glittering generality
D. bandwagon appeal
4
Detect fallacies based on inadequate arguments.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
For more practice, connect to
www.myreadinglab.com.
See page 597 of The Effective Reader,
3rd edition, for specific activities related
to Chapter 13.
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