Transcript Updated U-6-Ch-19-WW One

Chapter #20
“World War I”
1914 - 1920
Sections of W.W. I
 Section #1:
 Section #2:
 Section #3:
The Road to War
The U.S. Declares War
 Section #4:
 Section #5:
On the Home Front
Global Peacemaker
American’s on the European
Front
Causes for W.W. I
Section #1:
“The Road to War”
 1.) Imperialism in Europe.
 2.) Militarism: Building up a
nation’s armed forces in
preparation for war.
 3.) Nationalism:
– Act with their own
national interests.
– Ethnic diversity led to
violent struggles for
independence.
Ex. Austria-Hungry
 4.) Alliances designed to
bolster each nation’s security.
 5.) Assassination of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his
wife Sophie on June 28, 1914
by Bosnian nationalist
Gavrilo Princip.
The Road to War Continues…
4.) Alliances
 Theory – improves a nation’s security.
 Newly united German Empire allies with
former world power Austria-Hungary.
 A-H taking over newly independent
regions of southern Europe.
 Russia -interested in same area for port
access.
 Ethnic groups in the region caught in the
middle.
Unrest in the Balkans
 Bosnia is annexed by AH Empire.
 Serbs in Bosnia want to
join nation of Serbia create all Slavic nation
 A-H wanted to annex
Serbia, but didn’t have
justifiable cause (just
wait!)
 Slavs closer to Russians
ethnically than to
Austrian (German) or
Hungarian populations of
A-H.
 Rich mining area resources/coastal ports.
The Road to War Continues…
5.) The Assassination
 June 28, 1914
 Archduke Franz
Ferdinand.
 Heir to the A-H
throne.
 Brutal and
arrogant.
– Generally disliked.
 Planned trip to
Bosnia with his
new wife, Sophia.
The Other Shot Heard ‘Round the World!
 Gavrilo Princip.
– Started WWI.
 Serbian rebel living in
Bosnia.
 Member of, “The
Black Hand.”
 19 years old, dying of
tuberculosis.
 Fighting for Serbian
unification.
The Assassination!
 June 28, 1914
 Royals to a motorcade through Sarajevo.
 Misguided bomb explodes.
 Driver takes wrong turn and passes by
Princip.
 He firers at point blank range, killing Franz
and Sophie instantly.
 Princip eventually arrested, and dies in
prison.
Austria-Hungary’s Demands
 A-H blames the incident on Serbia.
– Why? It creates a reason to _____________
 Ultimatum sent to Serbia – a no win
situation for Serbia.
 A-H declares war on Serbia.
 But… Serbia has a buddy through a secret
alliance.
– With……..Russia!
World War I
“The War to End All Wars”
The Players
 Central Powers:
 Allied Powers:
– Germany
– Russia
– Austria-Hungary
– France
– Bulgaria
– Serbia
– Ottoman Empire
– Great Britain
 The Conflicts Expands
– July 28, 1914 AustriaHungry declares war on
Serbia.
– July 29th, Serbia’s protector,
Russia began mobilization.
– Germany demands that
Russia stops mobilizing.
– France begins to ready it’s
troops.
– Aug. 1, 1914 Germany
declares war on Russia.
• Schlieffen Plan
• Brings Great Britain into
war.
– Great powers divided
• Central Powers
• Allies
– Stalemate: a situation in
which neither side is able to
gain the advantage.
– Trench Warfare
 American Response
– 1/3 of American
population were 1st or 2nd
generation immigrants.
(1/4 German American, 1/8
Irish)
– Most Americans opposed
Kaiser Wilhelm of
Germany. (autocracy)
– American Neutrality
• Preparedness
Movement
• Peace Movement
American Response
 Over 87% of Americans are of European
descent in 1900
– 1/3 Americans 1st or 2nd generation from
Europe
– ¼ Americans are German descent
– 1/8 are Irish Descent
 Most oppose German Kaiser Wilhelm
 But…. Don’t want to get involved
 President starts to get prepared….just in
case
Section #2:
The United States Declares War, 1917
These actions will lead the US to war:
 German Submarine warfare.
– U-Boat activity.
– No warnings of attack.
– Luisitania attacked, May 7, 1915.
• 1,200 dead (128 US).
– March 24, 1916 – sinking of the
Sussex (French passenger ship).
• Sussex Pledge.
• President Wilson agrees with
“preparedness”.
• Authorizes bankers to make loans to
Allies.
– Feb. 1, 1917 Germ resumes
unrestricted Sub Warfare.
 Wilson asks Congress for permission
to arm American merchant ships.
 The Zimmerman Note
– intercepted telegram that
proposed an alliance
between Germany and
Mexico.
 Russian Revolution
– 1.8 million killed
– March 1917 Czar Nicholas II
was forced from throne.
– Republic government
established - Lenin and Bolsheviks
– Russia backs out of war, signs
treaty w/ Germany.
 War Resolution
– March 16 – 18 three American
ships were sunk.
– April 2, 1917 Wilson goes to
Congress. War resolution
passed 82 to 6.
– April 6, 1917 Wilson signs the
war resolution.
Section #3: “Americans in Europe”
 Preparing for Action – US is not ready
 U.S. has only 120,000 enlisted troops and 80,000 national guard
 Allies desperately need replacements.
• Gen. John J. Pershing takes Small force
• Boost Allied morale
 U.S. Creates - Selective Service Act: May 1917 –
– authorizes draft of young men for military service.
– By November 1918, more than 24 million had registered for
the draft for “the war to end all wars,” 3 million were
picked.
– American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
– 25,000 + women would serve their country. (Red Cross)
• Transportation of troops and war goods by Convoy.
• American forces separate from Allied forces.
– 300,000 African Americans volunteered or drafted.
– Mostly for manual labor.
– 369th Infantry (Harlem Hell Fighters) fought with the French. (Croix de
Guerre)
OK…
“Treaty of Versailles” – not Paris
 Turning Tide of the War
– Nov. 1917, with the help of the German government, Vladimir
Lenin led his Bolsheviks to violently overthrow the Russian
government. Lenin would then make peace with Germany on
March 3, 1918. How does this effect the war?
– Americans save Paris
• Brigadier General James G. Harbord: “We dig no trenches to fall back on.
The Marines will hold where they stand” -- Battle of Chateau – Thierry
• Lost of half his troops.
– Tank warfare – a major strategy
Expectations for a Quickie-War
 Wrong!!!!
– Why?
 Modern Warfare comprised of:
poison gas, hand grenades,
submarines, torpedoes,
trenches, tanks, airplanes,
machine guns and much more.
– Tanks could cross trenches
and cut through barbed wire!
 Stalemate begins late 1914 and
will last until 1917.
 Ending the War
– November 11, 1918: armistice, or cease-fire.
• 11th hour on the 11th day in the 11th month.
– 50,000 American soldiers died.
– European casualties =
• 8 million + dead (average 5,000 dead/day)
• 900,000 British troops dead.
• Millions of civilians died during and immediately after
the fighting from starvation, disease, or war-related
injuries.
• Ottoman forces deported and murdered hundreds of
thousands of Armenians, genocide.
Military Casualties in World War I
1914-1918

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Belgium
45,550
British Empire 942,135
France
1,368,000
Greece
23,098
Italy
680,000
Japan
1,344
Montenegro
3,000
Portugal
8,145
Romania
300,000
Russia
1,700,000
Serbia
45,000
United States 116,516
Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
Bulgaria
87,495
Germany
1,935,000
Ottoman Empire 725,000
Germany
Russia
France
Aus-Hun
Britain
U.S.
2,000,000
1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Deaths
On the
Home Front
 To strengthen the war
effort, the American
government
expanded its control
over the economy
 Created changes in
American society.
 Many individuals
who didn’t have jobs
had them now.
– Women, Af Amers,
Mexican-Americans.
On the Home Front
 Paying for the War:
– Liberty Bonds – special war bonds
sold to support the Allied cause.
- Price controls – gov. regulates
price on food - prevent waste &increase
production.
 Rationing – distributing goods to consumers in a
fixed amount.
 Daylight Saving Time – turn clocks ahead one
hour in summer –lowers fuel consumption.
On the Home Front
 How did the U.S. enforce loyalty?
– The Sedition Act of 1918: Makes it illegal to make
“disloyal” statements about U.S. gov’t or military.
– Espionage Act of 1917: Passed in response to fears
that German secret agents might try to weaken
American war effort.
– illegal to interfere with the Army recruiters & the
“DRAFT”
These laws at work:
 Eugene V. Debs
 Leader of the Socialist
Party.
– Re-distribution of
wealth, power to workers
 Imprisoned due to
Sedition Act
– Arrested for giving anti-
war speech in Ohio
• 10 years in jail
 Won 900,000 votes in
1920 Presidential
election from jail
What else is going on?
The Great Migration
 African Americans to the
North, “Land of hope”
 1910-1920: 1.2 million
 Push factors
– Jim Crow & violence
– Low pay jobs
– Ruined crops
 Pull factors
– Economic prosperity in
North
– Jobs opened (imm quotas)
– Freedmen’s bureau/aid
Amendments – 18th
 Prohibition – 1920
 Progressive (& often religious) movement
 Illegal to manufacture, distribute alcohol
 1830 – av. American drank 1.7 bottles of liquor/ week
 Goal - to reduce drunkenness & related crimes –
– Abuse, crime, missing work
 Result: Less consumption – but more crime
 http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and-21st-amendments
19th Amendment
 Votes for Women - 1920
Peace – and
Wilson’s Plan to Maintain It
 “Open covenants of
peace, openly arrived at,
after which there shall be
no private international
understandings of any
kind but diplomacy shall
proceed always frankly
and in the public view.”
– Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 before war ended - Wilson prepared for
peace conference to follow
 December 1918 - To Paris, with plan for
worldwide peace.
 Create a lasting peace –
– “Peace without Victory”
– don’t humiliate the defeated
Wilson sets up the 14 Points
 Paris Peace Conference:
 27 nations met at Versailles (near Paris) to
negotiate the peace treaty.
 BUT…The “Big Four,” France, England, Italy,
and the U.S., created the treaty (agreement)
 The “Treaty of Versailles” was the peace treaty
to end of World War I.
Wilson’s Plan - Fourteen Points
 The first 5 points were general in nature:
 (1) no secret treaties;
 (2) freedom of the seas;
 (3) remove most economic barriers
between nations
 (4) reduce arms
 (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims;
Number “14”
 (14) General association of nations
 The League of Nations grew out of the 14th
point.
Problematic Peace Treaty:
Treaty of Versailles
 Germany not in meeting.
 Germany expected the treaty to be based
on Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
 “Big Four” can’t agree
– French premier Georges Clemenceau took
advantage of the weakness
– demanded harsh penalties for Germany.
What the treaty said for Germany…
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take full responsibility
pay all war damages (reparations)
Reduce army
no air force or submarines
lost some territory in Europe & all foreign
colonies
Post W.W.I Map
Wilson had to compromise!
 Wilson could only save the League of
Nations idea:
– organization joining nations ensure security & peace
for all members
– U.S. Senate doesn’t ratify treaty -
• “Irreconcilables” -Senators opposing League
• Other senators want smaller changes
• Wilson has stroke campaigning across country for passage
Treaty of Versailles
 How fair was this treaty to Germany?
 Which of the nations would have been the most
pleased with the outcome? Explain
 Most importantly; think about the effects of the
treaty for the future of the world.
 Remember that this treaty was to prevent another
European war from ever breaking out again.
 You know what happened in 1939…..
Cause and Effects of W.W.I
ºImperialism leads to international rivalries, particularly within
Europe.
ºNationalism between and within countries intensifies.
ºMilitary buildup in Europe intensifies.
ºArchduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated.
ºAustria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
World War I
ºMap of Europe is redrawn.
ºLeague of Nations is formed.
ºUnited States economy is boosted.
ºUnited States suffers post-war disillusionment.
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters
U.S. Propaganda Posters