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Do Now: 2/24
1) What are three qualities of a good
leader? Explain.
2) What are three qualities of a
terrible leader? Explain.
Notes #4
THE WORLD AFTER WWI
1919-1939
TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES–
WHAT THEY GOT
France:
• Reparations from
Germany
• Land rich in natural
resources
Britain:
• Control of German
colonies
• Reparations from
Germany
• Control of German boats
United States:
• League of Nations
• New nations in Europe
Germany:
• Lost 10% of land &
colonies
• Accept responsibility for
war
• Pay $5 Billion in
reparations
• Military disbanded
POSTWAR DEMOCRACIES
• Little experience with representative
governments
• Too many political parties
• Coalition Governments didn’t work:
too many disagreements
• Weak gov’ts in difficult times
changed for totalitarian rulers
THE DAWES PLAN
1924-1930
$2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid;
U.S. goods imported to rebuild
economies
U.S. lends
$2.6 bill to Germany;
spent on building up
German economy
Germany uses
increased tax
revenues to pay
$2.0 bill reparations
to France
WEIMAR REPUBLIC of GERMANY
• Established in 1919
• No democratic tradition in Germany
• Post-WWI Germany had many political
parties
• Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t
for the problems Treaty of Versailles
HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY
HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY
HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY
• Wartime taxes not increased
• German gov’t printed money to pay for war
and to pay for war reparations forced by the
Treaty of Versailles
• Prices increased while the value of the
currency (Mark) fell
• People unable to afford basic necessities
THE UNITED STATES:
OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION
Factories:
Farms:
• U.S. factories producing
• Large amount of crops
large amounts of goods
• Competition from foreign
• Most people in U.S. too
crops
poor to purchase these
• Surplus food drives prices
goods
down
• Store owners cut back
• Farmers don’t make profit;
orders from factories
cannot make loan
• Factories reduce
payments
production; workers fired • Farmers lose land to banks
DECLINE IN
DEMAND FOR
GOODS
INCREASE
IN
UNEMPLOYMENT
DECLINE
IN
PRODUCTION
OF GOODS
DECLINE IN
OVERALL
FACTORY
PRODUCTION
Do Now 2/25/15
Write the following question and answer them
using the following slide. (#1 will also help you
with #4 for the 13.2 questions)
1) What was the peak unemployment rate for
the U.S., Britain, and Germany in 1932?
2) What event signaled a dramatic rise in
unemployment throughout the west?
3) Who seems to have a bigger positive
influence on reducing unemployment; Hitler
or FDR? Why do you think this is the case?
UNEMPLOYMENT,
1928-1938
% WORK FORCE
30
HITLER
FDR &
NEW
DEAL
GREAT
BRITAIN
25
20
GERMANY
15
10
U.S.A.
5
0
1928 1929 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938
STOCK
MARKET
CRASHES
Unit 6 Notes #5
The Rise of
Totalitarianism
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISM
USSR, FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANY
All shared the following…
•
•
•
•
•
Dictatorship and One-party rule
Blind obedience to leader
State more important than individual
State control of economy
use of police spies and terror to enforce gov’t
rules
• Gov’t control of media: indoctrination and
mobilization of citizens; spread ideology to kids
• strict censorship of artists and intellectuals
The Political Spectrum
DIFFERENCES
Communism: (USSR) Fascism: Italy/Spain
• International change Nazism: Germany
• Enemies of socialists &
• Classless society
communists!
nationalist- war is
• Support from urban • Highly
good!
factory workers and • Class divisions
farmers
• Support from business
leaders, land owners,
• Ideas based on Karl
middle class
Marx
• Ideas differed somewhat
by country
What is Fascism?
By Benito Mussolini
“Fascism is the complete
opposite of
[Communism]…it combats
the whole system of
democracy…it denies that
the majority [of the
people] can direct
society…For Fascism the
growth of the empire and
war is essential…” 1932
BELIEFS OF FASCISM:
• Loyalty to the state
• Extreme nationalism
• Peaceful states would be
conquered
• Uniforms and special salutes
• Mass rallies
• Each class has a place &
function
Benito Mussolini
“Il Duce”
•
•
•
•
•
ITALIAN FASCISM
Wanted to rescue Italy from
poor economy, rebuild
military after WWI
“Black shirts” terrorized
Communists
1922 Italian Prime Minister
Abolished democracy and
all opposition; won support
of middle class, aristocracy,
industry leaders
Italy became the model for
fascism in Spain and
Germany
Do Now 2/27/15
Analyze the political cartoon on page
429:
1) What was the purpose (goal) of
the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
2) Do you think the cartoonist feels
that a fire insurance policy is
enough to prevent a fire? Why?
3) What point is the cartoonist
making about the pact?
Use background information from
page 429 if you need help.
Ideology
• A form of extreme right-wing
ideology.
• Celebrates the nation or the race over
individual happiness
• Powerful and continuing nationalism.
–Constant use of patriotic mottos,
slogans, symbols, songs, etc.
–Flags are seen everywhere.
Subordination to the State
• Nothing is more important than
the State (country)
• It uses organized violence to
suppress opposition.
–Glorification of force.
–Is anti-democratic.
Cult of State Worship
• The individual had no significance
except as a member of the state.
• The fascists were taught:
– Credere! [to believe]
– Obbedire! [to obey]
– Combattere! [to fight]
Use your knowledge acquired by watching
“Swing Kids” and the information on Pgs.
436-437 to answer the following:
1. Why did totalitarian governments try to
win the loyalty of their nation’s young
people?
2. In Italy, women who had fourteen or more
children were given a medal by Mussolini
himself. Why were women honored for
having many children?
Notes # 6:The
Characteristics
of Fascism
The Myth of Rebirth
• Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth
after a period of decline or destruction
(such as the Great Depression and
WWI)
• Seeks to purge “alien” forces and
groups that threaten the “pure”
community.
Militarism
Identification of Enemies or Scapegoats
as a Unifying Cause
• The people are rallied
into a unifying patriotic
frenzy over the need to
eliminate a perceived
common threat or foe.
• This foe could be racial,
ethnic, a religious
minority, liberals,
communists, etc.
Disdain for the Recognition of Human
Rights
• Because of the fear of enemies and the
need for security, the people are
persuaded that human rights can be
ignored out of “need.”
• People look the other way or even
approve of torture, executions, long
incarcerations of prisoners, assassinations,
etc.
The Fascist Family
The Fascists encouraged the development of large
families.
Religion &
Government
Are Intertwined
• Fascist governments tend
to use the most common
religion in the nation as a
tool to manipulate public
opinion.
• They meld religious
rhetoric, symbolism,
mythology, etc., into their
policies [appears to give a
religious approval for
government
policies!]
Disdain for Intellectuals
& for the Arts
• Open hostility to higher
education and academia is
promoted.
• Professors and other academics
are censored or arrested.
• Free expression in the arts and
letters is openly attacked.
Controlled Mass Media
Emphasis on Physical Fitness
Fascism in Spain
• Civil war in Spain:
Italy and Germany
supported General
Francisco FrancoSpanish Fascist
• 1939 Franco became
dictator until 1970s
• Guernica: Spanish
village bombed by
German planes
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
The Spanish Civil War:
A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in
Madrid
“Guernica”
Pablo Picasso
#7 The World
DriftsTowards War
Do Now 3/6/15
Read the “Dictatorship” Concept Connector on page 439.
Answer in complete sentences.
1)How did the following gain power:
a) Julius Caeser
b) Francisco Franco
c) Fidel Castro
2) Give examples of how each leader maintained power.
Adolf Hitler
“The Fuhrer”
• Joined National Socialist
German Worker’s Party
(NAZI) in 1920
• Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s
beliefs as later policy for
nazi party
• Great Depression gave him
followers; nazi’s became
largest political party
• Economic and cultural
control
“The greater
the mass of
men to be
reached, the
lower its
intellectual
level must
be.”
--Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
NAZI PROPAGANDA
1920-1945
Techniques
To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few
points driven home through:
• Simple slogans
• Repeat them endlessly
• Use of mass meetings to get people to feed off
of one another; new members of the
movement will feel a sense of belonging
“I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.”
– Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
“It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting
propaganda to make people believe that heaven is
hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler
“The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous
symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings,
commemorations, marches and congresses: his words
on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl
“Europe’s victory is your
prosperity”
One People,
One Nation,
Our Fuhrer!
Notes #7 Continued
Do Now 3/9/15
Situation: The US is running low on
oil. Prices have risen to $10 a gallon
at the pump. Our economy is heavily
burdened. The President has
suggested we invade Saudi Arabia to
take control of their vast oil fields.
As a member of Congress what
arguments will you make for and or
against this idea?
Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan challenged the League of
Nations
• 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria
• Set up puppet gov’t in Manchuria (controlled
by Japan)
• Japan withdrew from League of Nations
• War between China and Japan 1937
• Rape of Nanking: Japanese army executed
200,000 men, women and children as a show
of force
Mussolini meets Haile Selassie
• Mussolini attacks
Ethiopia to expand
Italian empire
• Haile Selassie,
Emperor of Ethiopia,
appeals to League of
Nations for help
• “It is us today. It will
be you tomorrow.”
•
Hitler takes the Rhineland
And joins with Mussolini and JapanOccupied the former
1936
buffer zone between
France and Germany
• Oct. 1936: Germany
and Italy alliance
called Rome-Berlin
Axis
• Nov. 1936: Germany,
Italy and Japan– Axis
Powers
Munich Conference- Sept. 1938
• 1937: Hitler
declares the need
for Lebensraum:
living space
• Took Austria, 1938
• Majority of
Austrians
supported unity w/
Germany
The Sudetenland
Munich Conference- 1938
• Hitler wanted the Sudetenland: area between
Germany and Czechoslovakia with 3 million German
speakers
• Britain, France and Italy agreed to let Hitler take the
Sudetenland, as long as he promised to respect
Czech’s new borders
• March 1939: Hitler attacks Czechoslovakia, looks to
attack Poland
• Munich Conference a symbol of appeasement and
surrender
THE TWO SIDES
AXIS POWERS
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
Bulgaria, Romania,
Hungary joined in 1941
ALLIED FORCES
• U.S.
• Britain
• Russia
• Australia
• Canada
• China