Transcript Germany - Cloudfront.net

Use your knowledge acquired by watching
“Swing Kids” and the information on Pgs.
436-437 to answer the following:
1. Why did totalitarian governments try to
win the loyalty of their nation’s young
people?
2. In Italy, women who had fourteen or more
children were given a medal by Mussolini
himself. Why were women honored for
having many children?
Unit 6 Notes #1:
The Post WWI World
1919-1939
Copy Slides with ***
*** WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY
OF VERSAILLES?– WHAT THEY GOT
France:
• Reparations from
Germany
• Land rich in natural
resources
Britain:
• Control of German
colonies
• Reparations from
Germany
• Control of German boats
United States:
• League of Nations
• New nations in Europe
Germany:
• Lost 10% of land &
colonies
• Accept responsibility for
war
• Pay $5 Billion in
reparations
• Military disbanded
***
THE UNITED STATES:
OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION
Factories:
• U.S. factories producing
large amounts of goods
• Most people in U.S. too
poor to purchase these
goods
• Store owners cut back
orders from factories
• Factories reduce
production; workers fired
Farms:
• Large amount of crops
• Competition from foreign
crops
• Surplus food drives prices
down
• Farmers don’t make profit;
cannot make loan payments
• Farmers lose land to banks
DECLINE IN
DEMAND FOR
GOODS
INCREASE
IN
UNEMPLOYMENT
DECLINE
IN
PRODUCTION
OF GOODS
DECLINE IN
OVERALL
FACTORY
PRODUCTION
UNEMPLOYMENT,
1928-1938
HITLER
FDR &
NEW
DEAL
% WORK FORCE
30
GREAT
BRITAIN
25
20
GERMANY
15
10
U.S.A.
5
0
STOCK
MARKET
CRASHES
1928 1929 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938
*** What problems existed for
post-war democracies?
• Little experience with representative
governments
• Too many political parties
• Coalition Governments didn’t work:
too many disagreements
• Weak gov’ts in difficult times
changed for totalitarian rulers
*THE DAWES PLAN
1924-1930
$2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid;
U.S. goods imported to rebuild
economies
U.S. lends
$2.6 bill to Germany;
spent on building up
German economy
Germany uses
increased tax
revenues to pay
$2.0 bill reparations
to France
***WHAT WAS THE WEIMAR
REPUBLIC of GERMANY?
•
•
•
•
Established in 1919
No democratic tradition in Germany
Post-WWI Germany had many political parties
Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t for
the problems Treaty of Versailles
***HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY
• Wartime taxes not increased
• German gov’t printed money to pay for war
• German gov’t printed money to pay for war
reparations forced by the Treaty of Versailles
• Prices increased while the value of the
currency (Mark) fell
• People unable to afford basic necessities
Unit 6 Notes #2
The Rise of Totalitarianism
Copy slides with ***
***
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISM
USSR, FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANY
All shared the following…
•
•
•
•
•
Dictatorship and one-party rule
Blind obedience to leader
State (country) more important than individual
State control of economy
Use of police spies and terror to enforce gov’t
rules
• Gov’t control of media: indoctrination and
mobilization of citizens; spread ideology to kids
• Strict censorship of artists and intellectuals
***DIFFERENCES
Communism: (USSR)
• Want international
change
• Classless society
• Support from urban
factory workers and
farmers
• Ideas based on Karl
Marx
Fascism: Italy/Spain
Nazism:Germany
• Enemies of socialists
& communists!
• Highly nationalist- war
is good!
• Class divisions
• Support from business
leaders, land owners,
middle class
• Ideas differed
somewhat by country
***The Political Spectrum
Line or Horseshoe?
Unit 6: Notes #3:
The
Characteristics
of Fascism
***What is Fascism?
“Fascism is the complete
opposite of
[Communism]…it combats
the whole system of
democracy…it denies that
the majority [of the
people] can direct
society…For Fascism the
growth of the empire and
war is essential…” Benito
Mussolini 1932
(you don’t need to copy this
quote)
***BELIEFS OF FASCISM:
• Loyalty to the state
• Extreme nationalism
• Peaceful states would be
conquered
• Uniforms and special
salutes
• Mass rallies
• Each class has a place &
function
***Other Ideologies of Fascism
• A form of extreme right-wing
ideology.
• Celebrates the nation or the race over
individual happiness
• Powerful and continuing nationalism.
–Constant use of patriotic mottos,
slogans, symbols, songs, etc.
–Flags are seen everywhere.
Benito Mussolini
“Il Duce”
***ITALIAN FASCISM
• Wanted to rescue Italy from
poor economy, rebuild
military after WWI
• “Black shirts” terrorized
Communists
• 1922 Italian Prime Minister
• Abolished democracy and
all opposition; won support
of middle class, aristocracy,
industry leaders
• Italy became the model for
fascism in Spain and
Germany
***Subordination to the State
• Nothing is more important than
the State (country)
• Use of organized violence to
suppress opposition.
–Glorification of force.
–Anti-democratic.
***Cult of State Worship
• The individual had no significance
except as a member of the state.
• The fascists were taught:
– Credere! [to believe]
– Obbedire! [to obey]
– Combattere! [to fight]
***What was the Myth of
Rebirth?
• Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth
after a period of decline or destruction
(such as the Great Depression and
WWI)
• Seeks to purge “alien” forces and
groups that threaten the “pure”
community.
Militarism
Identification of Enemies or Scapegoats as
a Unifying Cause
• The people are rallied
into a unifying patriotic
frenzy over the need to
eliminate a perceived
common threat or foe.
• This foe could be racial,
ethnic, a religious
minority, liberals,
communists, etc.
Disdain for the Recognition of Human
Rights
• Because of the fear of enemies and the
need for security, the people are
persuaded that human rights can be
ignored out of “need.”
• People look the other way or even
approve of torture, executions, long
incarcerations of prisoners, assassinations,
etc.
The Fascist Family
The Fascists encouraged the development of large
families.
Religion &
Government
Are Intertwined
• Fascist governments tend
to use the most common
religion in the nation as a
tool to manipulate public
opinion.
• They meld religious
rhetoric, symbolism,
mythology, etc., into their
policies [appears to give a
religious approval for
government
policies!]
Disdain for Intellectuals
& for the Arts
• Open hostility to higher
education and academia is
promoted.
• Professors and other academics
are censored or arrested.
• Free expression in the arts and
letters is openly attacked.
Controlled Mass Media
Emphasis on Physical Fitness
***Fascism in Spain
• Civil war in Spain:
Italy and Germany
supported General
Francisco FrancoSpanish Fascist
• 1939 Franco became
dictator until 1970s
• Guernica: Spanish
village bombed by
German planes
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
The Spanish Civil War:
A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in
Madrid
“Guernica”
Pablo Picasso
Do Now: Kid in a Candy Store
A mother took her 5-year old son into a crowded candy
store. The boy asked his mother if he could have some
candy, and she said he couldn’t. So the boy cried and threw
a tantrum and demanded he get some candy. Wanting to
avoid a public scene, his mother bought him some candy.
He ate the candy and asked his mother for more. His
mother said no and he again started crying and throwing a
tantrum.
1. What should the mother do?
2. Why?
***Unit VI #4 The World
Drifts Towards War
***Adolf Hitler
“The Fuhrer”
• Joined National Socialist
German Worker’s Party
(NAZI) in 1920
• Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s
beliefs as later policy for
Nazi party
• Great Depression gave
him followers; Nazis
became largest political
party
• Nazi Party comes to
power in 1933
NAZI PROPAGANDA
1920-1945
“The greater
the mass of
men to be
reached, the
lower its
intellectual
level must
be.”
--Adolf Hitler, Mein
Kampf
Techniques
To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few
points driven home through:
• Simple slogans
• Repeat them endlessly
• Use of mass meetings to get people to feed off
of one another; new members of the
movement will feel a sense of belonging
“I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.”
– Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
“It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting
propaganda to make people believe that heaven is
hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler
“The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous
symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings,
commemorations, marches and congresses: his words
on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl
“Europe’s victory is your
prosperity”
One People,
One Nation,
Our Fuhrer!
Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan challenged the League of
Nations
• 1931: Japan invaded Manchuria
• Set up puppet gov’t in Manchuria (controlled
by Japan)
• Japan withdrew from League of Nations
• War between China and Japan 1937
• Rape of Nanking: Japanese army executed
200,000 men, women and children as a show
of force
***Mussolini meets Haile
Selassie
• Mussolini attacks
Ethiopia to expand
Italian empire
• Haile Selassie,
Emperor of Ethiopia,
appeals to League of
Nations for help
• “It is us today. It will
be you tomorrow.”
•
***Hitler takes the Rhineland
And joins with Mussolini and JapanOccupied the former
1936
buffer zone between
France and Germany
• Oct. 1936: Germany
and Italy alliance
called Rome-Berlin
Axis
• Nov. 1936: Germany,
Italy and Japan– Axis
Powers
Munich Conference- Sept. 1938
• ***1937: Hitler
declares the need
for Lebensraum:
living space
• Took Austria, 1938
• Majority of
Austrians
supported unity w/
Germany
The Sudetenland
***Aggression and Appeasement
I.
Czechoslovakia Crisis
A. After WWI Czech. was created and 3.5 million ethnic
Germans lived within it borders in Sudetenland
B. 1938-Hitler demands the return of the Sudetenland to
Germany (claimed they were being mistreated)
C. Czech. turned to France and Britain for help
1. They were not willing to go to war
D. Hitler demanded complete annexation and military
occupation of the Sudetenland.
***
II.
Munich Conference
A. In Sept. 1938, Britain, France, Germany and Italy met in
Munich, Germany
B. France and Britain followed a policy of appeasementmaking concessions to an aggressor to preserve peace
C. Munich Pact- Hitler agreed to the proposal that he
exchanged the right to occupy Sudetenland for a promise
that this would be the last territorial demand in Europe.
Everyone signed
***
III.
Violation of the Munich Pact
A. Hitler started pressuring Czech leaders to create a new
Czech government sympathetic to Germany.
B. The Czechs refused
1. Germany broke the Munich Pact and occupied
Czechoslovakia, annexing it the following day.
***THE TWO SIDES
AXIS POWERS
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
Bulgaria, Romania,
Hungary joined in 1941
ALLIED FORCES
• U.S.
• Britain
• Soviet Union
• Australia
• Canada
• China
• France