Transcript WWI PPT II

World War I:
How the War was Fought
Aims:
 How did the public perceive the war in

1914? Why? Examples?
How did people contribute to the war
effort?
A)
Do Now: What
feeling does
the following
painting
express?
Why?/How?
Napoleon Crossing
the Alps
By Jacques-Louis
David
(1800)
B) Rupert Brooke ~ “The Soldier” (1914)
Do Now:
If I should die, think only this of me: That there's
some corner of a foreign field That is forever
England. There shall be in that rich earth a richer
dust concealed; A dust whom England bore,
shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to
love, her ways to roam…In hearts at peace, under
an English heaven.
Question: What is Brooke expressing in his poem?
Do Now: From Youthful Vision…
A young British soldier in 1915:
“Secretly he was experiencing the same feelings of
excitement as he had known on the first day of school not
so many years before. He was on the threshold of what
the newspapers at home in England called, “The Great
Adventure,” and to this youth of 18, who found himself
on his way to join a battalion in the field, the War was a
great adventure. It was the great adventure.”
A young German soldier in 1914 :
“When we went to enlist, we were a class of twenty
young men, many of whom proudly shaved for the first
time before going to the barracks. We had no definite
plans for our future. We were still crammed full of vague
ideas which gave life and the war an ideal and almost
romantic character.”
Question: What are the attitudes of these young men?
“Total War:”
• Entire ________________
of whole nation
• Draft: all nations except
________________
• Taxes, food rations, set
prices, forbid strikes,
war ________________,
victory ________________
• Modern technology
• Women in Red
________________
How are you supposed to feel?
How do you get people to fight a war?
The Role of Propaganda in WWI
Propaganda: information spread for the
purpose of promoting or denouncing some
cause (to control public opinion)
“The boys will be home by Christmas”
WWI PROPAGANDA:
TASK: Answer the following questions
based on the posters:
1. What message/feeling does the poster send?
2. Why was it created?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
World War I:
How the War was Fought:
Characteristics of WWI
Aims:
What was different about the way WW I was fought?
Why was WWI so deadly?
What was it like to be a soldier in World War I?
Paths of Glory ~ 1957
Directions: As you watch the movie,
consider the following for your essay:
• Characteristics of war/army life?
– Military strategies, weaponry,
setting, sounds, etc.
• Expectations of soldiers?
• Effects of war?
Trench Warfare
A. Long series of ditches protected by mines, barbed wire
i. “_______________________________” (land in between trenches)
B. __________________ resulted; no change in position
i. (1916) 2 mill die from offensives to break stalemate
ii. Heavy casualties for mere inches of territory
World War I: The Hard Reality of War
Aim: What was different about the way WW I
was fought?
Do Now:
 1. What is the main idea of the passage?
 2. Underline the key words that provide you with the
meaning of the document.
-Observation of a Soldier in World War I Private Archie
Surfleet, February 8th, 1918
“We have been in camp near the wood at Écurie for
some days now and a more miserable existence it
would be hard to imagine. There is nothing but unrest
and uncertainty and everyone here is absolutely fed up
by the duration of war.”
Which hypothesis can best be
supported by this passage?
1. Allied forces were on the verge of winning
the war.
2. Technology had created a military
stalemate.
3. Revolution in Russia hastened the end of
the war.
4. Conditions contributed to low troop morale.
Youthful Vision
Hard Reality
(pre-war attitude)
(post-war attitude)
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned out backs,
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.
Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!--An ecstasy of fumbling
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime.-Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams before my helpless sight
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin,
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs
Bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,-My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
Wilfred Owen
The Latin title of this poem means:
World War I (1914-1918):
The War to End All Wars
HW: Friday – Guided Reading, Chapter 27, Sections 4 & 5
OMG I Know This!
Never knew this before…
World War I
Turning Points
What broke the stalemate?
Total
Mobilized
Killed
& Died
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
76.3
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
76.3
British
Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
35.8
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
39.1
United
States
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,500
364,800
8.2
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.9
42,188,810
5,152,115
12,831,004
4,121,090
22,104,209
52.3
Countries
Wounded
Prisoners
& Missing
Total
Casualties
Casualties
%
of
Mobilized
Allied
Powers
Total
Do Now: Refer to Guided Reading
Ch. 27, Section 4
1. What two events broke the stalemate in
1917?
2. Why did the following events happen?
1. Russia Drops out of War (1917)
• Disgusted by war
– Poor economic conditions(bread riots)
– High death toll
• Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution
– Overthrow capitalism
– Overthrow Czar
• Led by Lenin
– Red (Communist) Army
– Promises: “Peace, Land, Bread”
– Negotiate peace w/Central Powers
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; gave up
land to Germany
Total
Mobilized
Killed
& Died
Wounded
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
64.9
AustriaHungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
Total
22,850,000
3,386,200
8,388,448
3,629,829
15,404,477
67.4
Grand
Total
65,038,810
8,538,315
21,219,452
7,750,919
37,508,686
57.6
Countries
Prisoners
& Missing
Total
Casualties
Casualties %
of Mobilized
Central
Powers
Allied Powers
Cost in Dollars in 1914-18
United States
22,625,253,000
Great Britain
35,334,012,000
France
24,265,583,000
Russia
22,293,950,000
Italy
12,413,998,000
Belgium
1,154,468,000
Japan
40,000,000
Serbia
399,400,000
Total of all Costs
(including other
countries involved)
125,690,477,000
2. US Enters War ~ 1917
Failure of American Neutrality
a. Unrestricted German
Submarine Warfare
– Sinking of Lusitania
– “Citizens of a neutral
country have right to
safe travel”
b. Zimmerman Telegram
– British intercept
message from
Germany to Mexico
War Message to Congress
(April 1917)
• “A world safe
for democracy.”
• “A war to end
all wars”
• U.S. enters
war!
Armistice
truce ~ an agreement to end fighting
November 1918
• Central Powers admit defeat
•ALLIES WIN THE WAR!
WHAT HAPPENS NOW?
Global II – Homework
Due Fri, 1/22
• Question: What was the “Armenian
Massacre?”
Include the following in your response:
• Who was involved?
• What happened? The Armenians got
massacred - ELABORATE PLEASE!
• Where did this happen?
• When did this happen?
• Why did this happen?
• How did this happen?
Research may be conducted via textbook or internet!
The Zimmermann Telegram
from Germany to Mexico – Intercepted by British
We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted
submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to
keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of
this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance
on the following basis: make war together, make peace
together, generous financial support and an understanding
on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail
is left to you. You will inform the President of the above
most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United
States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he
should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate
adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and
ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact
that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers
the prospect of compelling England in a few months to
make peace.
Do Now:
Describe/Explain TWO turning
points of World War I? (who,
what, where, why, when, how?)
How did they impact the
“balance of power?”
Countries
Total
Mobilized
Killed
& Died
Wounded
Prisoners
& Missing
Total
Casualties
Casualties %
of Mobilized
Allied Powers
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
76.3
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
76.3
British Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
35.8
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
39.1
United States
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,500
364,800
8.2
Japan
800,000
300
907
3
1,210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
71.4
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.9
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
17,000
11.7
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
33,291
33.3
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
20,000
40.0
42,188,810
5,152,115
12,831,004
4,121,090
22,104,209
52.3
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
64.9
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
Total
22,850,000
3,386,200
8,388,448
3,629,829
15,404,477
67.4
Grand Total
65,038,810
8,538,315
21,219,452
7,750,919
37,508,686
57.6
Montenegro
Total
Central Powers
Germany
Central Powers
Cost in Dollars in 1914-18
Germany
37,775,000,000
Austria-Hungary
20,622,960,000
Turkey
1,430,000,000
Bulgaria
815,200,000
Total of all Costs
60,643,160,000
Do Now: Let’s Review!
• What was the purpose of the
Paris Peace Conference?
– Who was there?
• What message did the Allies send
to Germany?
– Why did they feel this way?
Peace Plans?
• Fourteen Points
(U.S. Wilson)
MAIN IDEA:
I:
IV:
V.
XIV:
• Treaty of Versailles
Paris Peace Conference
(Versailles)
WILSON
GEORGE
ORLANDO
• Versailles Delegates: “The Big Four”
–
–
–
–
United States ~ President Woodrow Wilson
England ~ P.M. David Lloyd George
France ~ PM Georges Clemenceau
Italy ~ PM Vittorio Orlando
What should be done with the losers?
CLEMENCEAU
Peace Plans
Fill-in the details of these plans!
• Fourteen Points
(U.S. Wilson)
• Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles(1919)
1. What is the main idea of each article?
2. Underline key words
51) The territories which were ceded in Germany in 1871, are
restored to France
119) Germany renounces all of her rights and titles to her
overseas possessions
159/160) The German military forces shall be demobilized and
reduced…The Army shall be devoted to the maintenance of
order within their territory…The German navy must not exceed
6 battleships…no submarines are to be included.
231) Germany accepts the responsibility for causing all the loss
and damage to the Allied Powers
233) Germany will pay for all damages done to the civilian
population and property of the Allies governments (32 BILLION
plus interest!)
What effect would propaganda have on
the peacemaking process?
• Versailles Delegates: “The Big Four”
–
–
–
–
United States ~ President Woodrow Wilson
England ~ P.M. David Lloyd George
France ~ PM Georges Clemenceau
Italy ~ PM Vittorio Orlando
Project: In groups, create a propaganda
poster that would support or denounce the
14 pts or the Treaty of Versailles.
Which peace plan would best ensure justice and
peace for the future?
Each poster should contain the
following elements:
• A persuasive “headline”
• A graphic image that will serve to help convince the
viewer to favor the Fourteen Points or the Treaty of
Versailles
• A statement that the viewer can read to help
convince him/her of the author’s view
• Poster must be realistic and historically accurate
(keep in mind the nature of the time period)
– Ask yourself, “Could this poster have been
created during the early 1900’s?”
Effects of World War I
Who was affected by the
aftermath of war?
Do Now: Effects of WWI
1. Take out map of Europe – 1914 (page 6)
2. Compare the map of Europe post-World War I (maps on
page 29)
Questions: How did the political boundaries of Europe
change after WWI? Be specific!
1. Who lost land? What empires broke-up?
2. What new countries were formed?
3. What happened to land in the Middle East?
The Middle East in the 1920s
New Nations/Territories - 1918
“I can predict with absolute
certainty that within another
generation there will be another
world war if the nations of the
world do not concert the method
by which to prevent it.”
Woodrow Wilson,
American President
Effects of Versailles:
1.
Germany: desires revenge

2.
Russia: resentment

3.
Turkish lands divided b/w _______ & France
(although people promised independence)
Colonies: betrayed

7.
Refusal to join League of ________
End of the Ottoman Empire

6.
Did not get _______ promised by Allies
U.S.: isolated

5.
Left out of peace __________
Italy: angry

4.
Treaty of ____________
Didn’t we earn our ________ by fighting in war?
Japan: resentment

Refusal of Allies to recognize claims in ________
“Birth of Modern Turkey”
Allied failure to dismember Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal ______
– WWI general
– Resistance to allies
(Treaty of Versailles)
– Reforms to
Westernize
• Secular state
Situation of Middle East ~ Palestine
Balfour Declaration – statement on the partitioning of the
Ottoman Empire (1917)
Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His
Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy
with Jewish Zionist aspirations. "His Majesty's Government
view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national
home for the Jewish people, and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this goal. It being
clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may
prejudice the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or
the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other
country."
*Zionism: political mov’t
Yours sincerely,
supporting the establishment
Arthur James Balfour
of a homeland for the Jewish
people in Palestine.
World War I – Review
Fill-in WWI terms for the following categories
• Causes of War
• Turning Points
• Fighting the War
• Effects of War
Armenian Genocide
Do Now: What is a
genocide?
The Armenians ~ who were they?
• A (Christian) ethnic group under control of
Ottoman Empire (Muslim)
• Accused of rebellion; conspiring with
Russia
– "the Armenians are in league with the enemy. They
will launch an uprising in Istanbul, kill off our leaders
and will succeed in opening the strait of
Dardanelles”
– Deportation:
• Exile ~ Forced to march into the desert
–Starvation, disease, rape,
• Concentration Camps:
An article by the New York Times (12/15/1915) states that one
million Armenians had been either deported or executed by the
Ottoman government.
Some Germans openly supported the Ottoman policy
against the Armenians, as the German naval attaché in
Constantinople said to U.S. Ambassador Henry
Morgenthau:
"I have lived in Turkey the larger part of my life,"
he told me, "and I know the Armenians. I also
know that both Armenians and Turks cannot live
together in this country. One of these races has
got to go. And I don't blame the Turks for what
they are doing to the Armenians. I think that they
are entirely justified. The weaker nation must
succumb. The Armenians desire to dismember
Turkey; they are against the Turks and the
Germans in this war, and they therefore have no
right to exist here.”
What is your opinion?
How did technology affect WWI warfare?
Is it possible to view any aspect of war
glamorously? romantically? patriotically?
Why? Why not?
Should nations seek to develop
technologically advanced weapons today?
Should people be forced to fight for their
country (i.e. draft)?
Do you consider those who fought heroes?
Global II Announcements:
1.
2.
Guiding Questions – Submit Today
Guided Reading, Sections 4 & 5 (both sides) –
Friday
a. Open-Note Quiz (based on HW)
3.
Research Paper Assignment #3: Annotated
Works Cited – Thurs., 1/26
“Talk a Mile A Minute“
Topic: School
Teacher
Student
pencil
smartboard
notes
suspension
laughing
cutting
study
“Talk a Mile A Minute:” Causes of WWI
Gavrilo Princep
Black Hand
ultimatum
nationalism
imperialism
Blank Check
Arms Race
Franz Ferdinand
alliances
“Talk a Mile A Minute“
Topic: How the War Was Fought
Trench
tanks
propaganda
stalemate
machine gun
Powder Keg
gas
alliances
Belgium
“Talk a Mile A Minute“
Topic: Causes of WWI
Ottoman Empire
Russia
Austria
Powder Keg
neutrality
Black Hand
Slavic
militarism
1914
“Talk a Mile A Minute“
Topic: How the War Was Fought
“Total War”
trenches
submarine warfare
stalemate
propaganda
Red Cross
Schlieffen Plan
Neutrality
“no man’s land”
“Talk a Mile A Minute“
Total War
nationalism
Balkan Peninsula
Ottoman Empire
Serbia
assassination
alliances
trench warfare
bonds
stalemate
“Talk a Mile A Minute“
Topic: Anything WWI
militarism
submarine
stalemate
trenches
Franz Ferdinand
Propaganda
1914
Germany
Allies