Transcript Information Systems - Institute of Management Sciences BZU

Information Systems
Lecture 11,12,13
IT Fundamentals
(Database Management Systems)
&
(Telecommunications & Networks)
By Farhan Mir
Lecture Administration
• Comments on Assignment 1
• Database Management Systems
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Basic Concepts
Traditional File Based Environment
Database Approach
Components of a Database System
Types of Databases
New Trends in Databases
Management Issues
Basic Concepts
• Data the starting point in Information Systems
• Data Management
– Data basically stored in the form of files and databases
– Data Management Hierarchy
• Bit-Byte-Field-Record-File-Database
– Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Content
Access
Organization
Accuracy
Integrity
Security
Privacy
Cost
• Design (in the light of above issues)
– User Interface
File Based Systems
– Data properly identified and understood when stored in
a file (e.g. Customer File, Invoice)
– In File processing, data is physically
arranged/organized in files
– Display Terminals Started the concept of handling data
in files
– Working of File based system
• Application Program & Data Files
• File management software
– Issues
•
•
•
•
Multiple file usage(integrating data from 2 or more files)
Data Redundancy
Data Updation
Slow Processing
– Advantages
• In-expensive
• Simple to use
Database Management
• The need to access data quickly
• A collection of software designed to provide a
complete approach to organize and access
organizational data
• Flexible access
• Independent Files may be utilized to generate new
reports
• Example of a Bank Customer asking queries
regarding his various accounts
• Database Environment
– Users, Programmers, Application Programs, Database,
Utility Programs
• User Interface
– Example of Oracle (developer)
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
–
–
–
–
–
–
Flexibility
Faster Response
Multiple Access
Less Storage
Integrity
Overall Management
• Disadvantages
– High Cost
• Initial purchase cost
• Hardware Requirements
• Professionals
– Complexity
– Disaster & Recovery issues
Database Management for Larger
Systems
• Large Database Environment
–
–
–
–
–
Increased Complexity
Transactional Data and Networking Needs
Experts Needed to develop and maintain the databases
Multiple Users
Security Requirements
• Database Administration
– Data Administrator (what data will be stored) Vs.
– Database Administrator (who actually creates &
maintain database, interacts with users & participants to
evaluate needs)
• Relational Databases
Relational Databases….
• Independent Tables
• Relationship through primary & secondary keys
• SQL
– Select
– Project
– Join
•
•
•
•
•
Authorization
Compatibility with Existing Applications
Database Security
Data Dictionaries
Distributed Databases
New Trends in Databases
• Object Oriented
– Objects
– Reusability
– Advance needs of Software Engineering
• Multimedia
– Merchandising
– Training
– Education
• Image Processing
• Outside Database Providers
References
• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information
Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 7
• Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management
Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapter
7
Telecommunication & Networks
• Telecommunication and Networks
• Networking Hardware & Software &
Connecting Media
• Internet, Intranet and Extranet
• Internet & E-Commerce
• Electronic Communications
• Management Issues
Telecommunication & Networks
• Telecommunication
– Sending of information in any form
(voice,data,text,graphics) from one place to another using
electronic and light-media
• Traditional stand-alone systems Vs. Interorganizational systems.
– The Need for employees to work collaboratively
– Time
• Instant/quick information requests
– Geographical needs
– Alliances
• EDI
– Processing Needs
• Distributed Environment
– Sharing
• The systems and system resources
Telecommunication & Networks
• Role and Scope of Telecommunication in Business
– Organizational Collaboration
– Information Exchange
– Business Communication
• Formal & Informal
– E-Commerce
– Tele-working Environment (an increasing trend)
• Example: System Maintenance and Disaster Recovery
• Another Example: Idea Generators in Fashion Design Industry
• Virtual Universities (E-Learning/ Distance Learning)
• The Need for Protocols
– File Transfer
– Sharing Resources
Telecommunication
• Telecommunication Model
–
–
–
–
–
Terminals
Telecommunication Processors
Telecommunication Channels
Computers
Control Software
• Types
–
–
–
–
LAN
WAN
Intranets/Extranets
Client/Server Networks
Networking Hardware, Software &
Connecting Media
• Hardware
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LAN Cards
Modems
Multiplexers
Switches
Routers
Hubs
Exchanges
• Software
–
–
–
–
O/S
Web Browsers
Middleware
Security
• Encryption
Networking Hardware, Software &
Connecting Media
• Media
– Cables
• Coaxial
• Twisted-Pair
• Fiber Optics
– Satellite
– Microwave
– Cellular Phone
• Topologies
–
–
–
–
Single-line
Star
Ring
Bus
Internet & E-Commerce
• Internet
– Network of Networks
– Expansion Rate (Web Presence & Users)
– Most Common Utilization
•
•
•
•
•
Communication
Data Interchange
Information Retrieval
News & Discussion Platform
And ofcourse new business horizon
• E-Commerce
– E-Transactions, E-Business
– Set of integrated activities
• Simply having a good website will not guarantee success
– Web Presence a key characteristics
• Information regarding Organizational Products/Services
• Mechanism for secure transactions
E-Commerce
• Types of E-Commerce
– B2C (Business to Consumer)
– B2B (Business to Business)
• Business Transformation
– The Need to develop e-strategies
• Example: CRM (Customer Relation Management)
– The New Way of marketing
• Interactive Marketing
• One-one customer relationship
• The Need for E-Commerce
– Customer Interaction
– Customized services (Multiple Services through single
Channel at same time)
– Bypassing traditional intermediaries
E-Commerce….
• E-Commerce Essentials
– Merchant Systems
• Online Shopping Mall
• Payment Systems
– Wallets (online payments activities)
– Live Payments
– Security Checks
– Publishing Systems
– Community Systems
• Memberships
• Funds & Payments activities
• The Current Picture
– The Bubble Burst
– Failure & Success Stories
– E-Commerce, is it Product/Business Sensitive?
Management Concerns
• The Need for Network
– Requirement Analysis
• Size of Organization and activities
• Business needs
– Alliances
– Geographical operations
– Integration & Control
• Hardware/Software Choice
• Vendor Selection
– ISPs, Communication Media Vendors
• Telecommunication & Networking Issues
– Security
• Telecommunication devices and the access
– Privacy
– Maintenance
• Keeping the blood flowing in the Network
• Question regarding new technologies and Disaster recovery
Concerns….
• Structural Changes
• Cultural Changes
– The issues of face-to-face interaction
– To Cope with faster pace of activities
• The need to respond accurately and precisely on the right time
• Example of Backup Officer/ Information Officer
• Backup Issues
– You can’t simply rely on the Continuity of the Network
– Need to develop alternatives
• Both in the context of technology and strategies
– Many Factors
• Failure of Technology
• Inability of the Users
• Special Situations
References
• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information
Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 8
• Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management
Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed). Chapters
5&6
• James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information Systems: A
Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5, 6, 7