Transcript Germany
Bellringer: 2/18
Pick up the papers by the door.
Please begin working on your SOL
Reading and your WWI Vocab. We will
take about 15 minutes at the start of
class for you to work on these.
Write down your HW:
Finish WWI vocab to be checked next class
for a HW grade.
Table of Contents Update:
103: SOL Reading – WWI
104: Notes: WWI Begins
105: Documentary Qs: WWI – The
Death of Glory
The “War to End All
Wars”
1914-1918
Time of Peace
1896 – First
Modern
Olympics
1899 –Universal
Peace
Conference
Europe 1914
Militarism:
glorification of the military.
Military Growth
Increasing reliance by
Monarchs on “military
advisors”
As tensions increased
countries increased
troop strength
many countries
abandoned the
“Professional Army” in
favor of conscription (the
draft) and civilian
“Reserve Units”
Distrust of one another resulted in…
Alliances:
An agreement between two or more countries to
give each other help if it is needed. When an
alliance is signed, those countries become known
as “allies”.
Sounds like a good strategy, BUT…
Downfall: They meant that some countries had no
option but to declare war if one of their allies
declared war first.
Rivalries Between World Powers Develop
Over Colonies
France & Great Britain
Argued over control of Egypt & Sudan – nearly went to war
France & Germany
Both wanted control of Morocco
Germany & Great Britain
Germany’s proposed “Berlin to Baghdad Railroad”
threatened Britain’s supremacy in the Middle East.
Germany & U.S.
Nearly went to war over control of Samoa.
Rivalries Between World Powers
U.S. & Spain – Spanish-American War 1898 – “Manifest
Destiny”
U.S. gained control of Cuba, Philippine Islands, Guam,
Russia & Austria-Hungary
Dispute over Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia &
Herzegovina. (1908)
Dispute over Russia’s policy of “Pan-Slavism” in the
Balkans
Austrian opposition of Serbia’s plan for a “Greater Serbia”
Alliance Map During WWI
Triple Alliance – Central Powers
1882 – Bismarck (Germany) signed a
treaty with Italy & Austria-Hungary
1914 – Germany & Austria-Hungary
fought together but Italy did not
Triple Entente – Allies
1893– France & Russia formed an
alliance
1904– France & Britain formed an
alliance
Britain later signed an agreement with
Russia
Alliances Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpu
Oa6u6HX0
Nationalism:
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion
to one’s country.
Austria/Hungary
Hungarians resent Austrian
dominance in the Dual Monarchy
Slavs in Austria-Hungary agitate
for independence.
○ Slavic independence movements
supported & encouraged by Serbia
Austria-Hungary’s annexation of
Bosnia & Herzegovina frustrated
Serbian ambitions of expansion.
Imperialism:
domination by one country of the political, social, economic, or
cultural life of another country or region (1850-1914).
As industrialization grew, so did the competition for overseas
markets.
Since the German Empire was not established until 1871,
Germany had fallen behind the rest of Europe in the race to
win overseas colonies.
Assassination:
the targeted killing of a public figure may be
prompted by religious, ideological, political, or
military reasons.
Who was Archduke Francis Ferdinand?
heir to throne of Austria-Hungary
perceived as “weak”
disliked by the Hungarians
not respected by Austrians because he married
a low-level Polish princess
sent to visit politically unstable province of Bosnia
Slav “nationalists” carry out demonstrations, civil
disturbances, bombings & assassinations in Bosnia
& Herzegovina in an effort to gain independence
from Austria-Hungary
“Secret Societies” Within Serbia
The “Black Hand” a secret
Serbian revolutionary society
trains & arms “nationalists” inside
Bosnia.
Serbian government officially
denies involvement in any secret
Revolutionary societies.
Sarajevo June 28, 1914.
Gavrilo Princip fires two shots
killing Ferdinand and his wife.
STUMBLING TO WAR
KAISER WILHELM II (horrified at
assassination, urges war)
BLANK CHECK (offered from Germany to
Austria-Hungary)
ULTIMATUM (crush anti-Austrians &
punish officials)
JULY 28, 1914: Austria declares war on
Serbia
CZAR NICHOLAS II (asked Wilhelm to
ease up)
MOBILIZATION (Russia begins to
prepare its troops)
The powder keg is sparked
Declares War On…
Austria-Hungary
Serbia
Russia
France
Germany
Declares War On…
Austria-Hungary
Serbia
Russia
France
Germany
Germany
Britain
Western Front
Schlieffen Plan: German strategic plan of
attack of fighting along two fronts for a quick
victory.
Attack France first to the west, attack Russia second
to the east.
FAILED because:
Russia mobilized faster than expected.
Germany shifted troops from western to eastern front.
British and French troops pushed back German forces
along the Marne River.
War Plans Developed
Germany invades
neutral Belgium to
get to France
Britain had
guaranteed Belgian
neutrality
Reaction of the People
Britain = labor unrest
Russia = Revolution of 1905
War brought temporary relief to these
countries
Young men rushed to enlist and fight for
justice and a better world
Sinking of the Lusitania
What was the Lusitania?
A British ocean liner that sailed across
the Atlantic
What happened to it?
It was torpedoed by a German U-boat
Was carrying passengers from many nations
(including the U.S.)
Sinking of the Lusitania
NOTICE!
“Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are
reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her
allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war
includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in
accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German
Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of
her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that
travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or
her allies do so at their own risk.”
IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL
22, 1915.
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=M5z4I3aIn7E
U.S. ENTRY INTO WWI
REASONS
Unrestrictive submarine warfare (Lusitania)
Zimmerman Telegram
SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT requires young
men to enlist
400,000 enlist
18-45 years old
PERSHING wants to fight in traditional way—
horses; ends up in the trenches
Contrast with WWI Technology
New Weapons Used in War
What do you see here? Why might the soldiers be wearing
gas masks? How are machine guns different from older guns?
How might machine guns affect military strategy?
Machine guns and Submachine guns
(Automatic rifles)
Flamethrowers
Kleinflammenwerfer
Grossflammenwerfer
Armored Cars
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
emerged
in the first few months of WWI due
to heavy machine gun and artillery fire
used
as shelter and survival from constant
enemy fire
dug
in a zigzag pattern
cramped,
muddy, wet, rat infested, disease
prone (trench foot), and dull – HORRIBLE!!
Viewer Discretion is Advised!
Typical WWI Trench Layout
This aerial photograph shows the way
in which the battlefield was set up. In
between the front lines lies “no-man’s
land,” and also visible is the zig-zag
pattern of the trenches, made such
that an enemy could not enter and
begin firing straight down the entire
length of the trench. Communication
trenches run back to the second and
third lines, and then right back to the
rear. The white marks are shell holes.
http://www.worldwar1.com/tlbtw.htm
Airplanes
Airplanes
First used to observe enemy troop
movements “scouting.”
As technology developed
throughout WWI, planes became
faster and more capable of
carrying heavy bomb loads.
Pilots known as “flying aces”
confronted one another in mid-air
battles known as “dogfights.”
In 1915, Germany used
zeppelins, large gas filled
balloons to bomb the English
coast.
Zeppelins
Tanks
GAS—mustard gas
Chemical warfare
Used first by Germany and then
the Allies in 1915.
Poisonous gas blinded or
choked its victims or caused
agonizing burns and blisters,
even death.
Dangerous to everyone
because winds often shifted
blowing the gases in all
directions.
Gas masks were used by
soldiers to protect their lungs
from being poisoned.
Gas Masks
Motorcycles
WWI Listening Radio
Listening Devices
Radio reporting news of WWI
Parachutes
Submarines
German U-Boats
Battleships
Dreadnaught Battleships
WWI
was supposed to be a
“quick war,” but with daily
advances in technology most
battles ended in stalemate with
tens to hundreds of thousands of
soldiers dying…
Casualties of Modern Weaponry
Tactics of sending masses of men
toward enemy didn’t work against
modern weapons
British suffered 57,470 casualties on the
first day of the Battle of Somme
Total losses for World War I exceeded
10 million
A new kind of war: Life on the Front Lines of WWI
The Reality of Soldier’s Lives
War takes a toll on soldiers
“war of attrition”
Once, young and eager
soldiers proud to serve
their country, now had
little faith in their cause.
Some soldiers were
mentally or physically
wounded while many
others lost their lives.
Effects of the War of the Home Front
Wartime Propaganda
Women and the age of “Total War”
Women poured into
the workforce
replacing men who
went off to war
Jobs:
Ran farms
Factory workers
Office assistants
Nurses
Women continued
Middle and upper class women:
paramilitary organizations
40,000 nurses
Cooks
Drivers
Mechanics
13,000 Women’s Land Army
Women’s Wages and Changing Roles
Paid less than men
After the war, women were “demobilized” to make
room for men in their jobs.
Women discovered benefit of financial autonomy
Some refused to return to domestic service
Women won the right to vote throughout Europe
Wartime economics
WWI left the world
financially stressed
To finance war costs
governments:
Raised taxes
Took out loans
Rationed food, clothing,
gasoline
Set prices
Forbid strikes
Forced civilian labor
Enforced “drafts”
Mobilizing for Total War
Citizens back home made huge
sacrifices (“Victory Gardens”)
Governments controlled industries,
rationing
The War Ends
Bulgaria
and the Ottoman Empire were
first Central Powers to be defeated
Revolts
inside Austria-Hungary and
Germany helped end the war quickly
November
11, 1918 11 A.M.
Armistice Day!
Propaganda Poster - PROJECT
During WWI
almost every other nation
involved in the war participated in propaganda
advertising to garner (gain) support for the war
effort. Propaganda tried to encourage the people
to participate in the war effort in some form.
Propaganda art usually only outlines some of the
facts in order to make a point.
Propaganda Poster - PROJECT
WHAT YOU NEED TO DO:
Create propaganda poster that would have appeared at the post office,
grocery store, bank or any other public place during WWI. When
creating the poster consider the following:
Color: Is it patriotic or just colorful and eye catching?
Words: Who is the poster speaking to…rich intellectuals, small children, or
someone in between.
Symbols: Are there any symbols that mean or stand for other things. (e.g. an eagle
is a symbol of freedom)
Message: Simple……..what is it going to say?
Audience: Who are you addressing in your poster? Who do you want to be reading
this poster?
Purpose: Which branch of the military or government agency is this poster created
to support?
Propaganda Poster - PROJECT
REQUIREMENTS:
Must work by yourself to complete the poster.
Must contain at least 1 image.
Must contain a reference to a particular nation
Must contain correct information about WWI. (1914-1918)
Page 2 of notes
The Paris Peace Conference
Meeting at Versailles:
In 1919, the Big 4 met in Paris to negotiate
the Treaty; Lloyd George of Britain,
Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France,
and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
Russia was not
invited
Central Powers
were given a small
role
Paris Peace Conference
Dominated by the
leaders of the four major
Allied Powers:
Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
David Lloyd George
(Britain)
George Clemenceau
(France)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
“The Big
Four”
What They Wanted:
France
Great
Britain
America
Italy
Georges
Clemenceau
Lloyd George
Woodrow Wilson
Vittorio Orlando
14 Points
designed to
establish lasting
peace in Europe
Territory
Make Germany
pay!
Similar to French
but worried it was
too harsh
Germany has to
be stopped from
invading again
Treaty might
cause hostility in
the future
Revenge
Wilson’s Plan for a
Lasting Peace:
Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissions in Paris to
negotiate the Versailles treaty
The 14 Points:
Self-determination:
boundaries decided based
on people & they establish
their own governments
Mandate System:
Colonial policies should
consider the interests of
the people
Freedom of Seas: open
trading to all peaceful
nations, remove tariffs
League of Nations: to
provide peaceful means
of solving disputes rather
than war
No secret treaties or
alliances formed
Arms should be reduced
Sooooo….
Treaty of Versailles
Signed June 28, 1919
Made Germany agree to a “Guilt Clause”
Pay war reparations of $33 Billion
Carved large chunks of territory from Germany and
placed many restrictions on the German government.
Provided for the formation of the League of Nations.
Germany’s Restrictions
Not allowed to manufacture heavy artillery, tanks,
or airplanes.
Navy could have FEW warships, but NO
submarines.
Rules/Restrictions meant to ensure Germany was
unable to start a war.
Allies lacked ability to enforce imposed
restrictions.
Territorial Changes at Germany’s
Expense
Alsace-Lorraine returned to
France.
Belgium gained some small
territories along its boarders.
Poland restored as an
independent nation.
Rhineland
Was
to be kept free of German military and
weapons
Allied troops occupied it
Weakness’ of the Treaty
Germany
was humiliated and destroyed
Allies
ignored the needs of the new Soviet
Government
International
instability was created in the
new nations and mandates
U.S.
returned to isolationist policies
America Opposed the Treaty
Felt it was too
lenient
Objected to foreign
policy decisions
being made by
international
organizations
Senate refused to
ratify the treaty &
join the League
Results of WWI:
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
Colonies’ participation in war increased
demands for independence.
End of Russian Imperial, Ottoman, German
and Austro-Hungarian empires
U.S. - economic giant
More RESULTS of WWI:
10 million soldiers and 10 million civilians are
DEAD=20 million
Europe and its colonies are devastated
Allies won the war, but lost hopes for peace
Spanish Influenza spread during war—20-100 million
died (estimated) worldwide
Empires broken up—mandates made in the Middle
East
MANDATES – territory under temporary control
Ottoman Empire is GONE
France and Great Britain divide former Ottoman Empire
Britain-
Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine
France
Syria and Lebanon
THIS DIVISION PLANTED SEEDS FOR FUTURE
CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST!!!
Destruction never seen before
Many towns across Europe lay in ruin due to
widespread destruction by mechanized warfare.
Families suffered great losses both human and
material.
The once great Austro-Hungarian Empire now lay
destroyed.
The political shape of Europe was forever changed.
http://www.the-map-ashistory.com/demos/tome03/index.p
hp
Europe 1914
Europe 1918