Transcript Ancient Egypt 1

EGYPT
Land of the Pharaohs
This video is a slideshow illustrating the ancient Nile Valley
including mummies, paintings, pyramids, temples, etc.
Another Slide Show of Egypt
Where is Egypt?
• Egypt is in the
continent of
Africa.
• The River Nile
runs through
Egypt
• The capital of
Egypt is Cairo
The Nile River
Upper and Lower Egypt
• Ancient Egypt was
divided into two
regions: Upper and
Lower Egypt.
• Lower (northern) Egypt
consisted of the Nile
River’s delta made by
the river as it empties
into the Mediterranean.
• Upper (southern) Egypt
was the long, narrow
strip of ancient Egypt
located south of the
Delta.
Social Pyramid
Specialization
• Nile societies were
much slower than their
Mesopotamian
counterparts to adopt
metal tools and weapons
• Did develop pottery,
textile manufacture,
woodworking, leather
production,
stonecutting, and
masonry occupations
Egyptian pottery
makers
Specialization
Brewing and Breadmaking
Sailing
Plowing and Sowing
Harvesting papyrus and Herding
Specialization
• Building a pyramid would require
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Laborers
Architects
Engineers
Craftsmen
Artists
New Technologies
Ramps and stonecutting required to
build pyramids
Diagram of a Pyramid
The Great Sphinx &
Cheferen
Agriculture
The Nile
River Basin:
A Ribbon of
Green
Agriculture
• Herodotus called Egypt the “Gift of the
Nile”
• Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s
annual floods to become an especially
productive agricultural region
– After the floods receded in late summer,
cultivators could go into the floodplains
in late summer and sow their seeds
without extensive preparation of the soil
Agriculture
• Expanded agriculture led to expanded
populations and demand for increased
production
• Cultivators moved beyond the Nile’s
immediate floodplains building dikes to
protect their fields from floods and
catchment basins to store water for
irrigation
Mummies
Mummification
Mummification
Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
The ancient
Egyptians believed
that after death their
bodies would travel
to another world
during the day, and
at night they would
return to their
bodies.
Mummification
• In order to prepare a
person for the long
and hazardous
journey before they
could enjoy the
pleasures of the
afterlife, the body
of a dead person
was preserved by a
process called
mummification.
In order for the person’s spirit to live forever, it
had to be able to recognize and return to the body.
If a spirit could not recognize the body it belonged
to, it would die.
This is why the
Egyptians wanted to
preserve the bodies of the
dead in as lifelike a state
as possible.
Mummification
guaranteed eternal life
for the spirit.
The Mummification Process
The entire process took 70 days to complete.
Several embalmers conducted the task in the special
embalming shop or per nefer. The chief embalmer
was known as the hery sheshta. He wore a jackal
mask to represent Anubis, the god of
mummification.
Egyptian Mummification Process
Actual Mummy
Wrapping of the Mummy
Hook Used to Remove the Brain
The embalmer wore a jackal mask to
represent Anubis, the god of
mummification.
These are canopic jars where
the internal organs of Pharaohs
were kept. It was thought that
the gods would look after the
organs so that the person
would go to the after life with
them safely.
Canopic Jars
Tutankhamun
In death Tutankhamun achieved worldwide fame when his
tomb was opened by British explorer Howard Carter, in
1922, and amazingly found to be virtually intact. Workers
remove crates full of artifacts from the newly discovered
tomb of in the Valley of the Kings in 1923.
• Tutankhamun, the 12th pharaoh of the 18th
dynasty, reigned for 10 years around 3,300 years
ago.
• Tutankhamun ruled Egypt from 1333-1324 BC
and is believed to have ascended to the throne
aged about nine.
• Tutankhamun likely died after falling from his
chariot while hunting according to Egypt's top
archaeologist.
• Tutankhamun is thought to have died of an
infection stemming from a broken leg, gangrene.
• The embalmers of ancient Egypt had done
their job well as the facial skin of the "boyking", who last drew breath in 1324BC, was
remarkably well preserved, taught but intact
and stretched evenly across the skull.
Computer image of what he
might have looked like
What he looks like now
The face and feet of the ancient Egyptian King
Tutankhamun have been shown to the public for the
first time since his tomb was discovered 85 years ago.
King Tut's mummy has been moved into a special
display case where it will be better protected from
dust and the elements. VOA's Challiss McDonough is
in Luxor and has the report.
This move was done to preserve the pharaoh. If it had not
been done, King Tut would probably disintegrate to dust
with in the next 50 years. This is in part due to the fact
that until 1922 King Tut’s tomb was sealed and preserved.
Since then tourists have visited his tomb changing the
atmosphere and causing the humidity and bacteria levels
to rise.
Art and Writing
• Pyramids
Art and Writing
– Symbols of the pharaoh’s
authority and divine
stature; royal tombs
– Pyramid of Khufu involved
the precise cutting and
fitting of 2,300,000
limestone blocks with an
average weight of 2.5 tons
– Estimated construction of
the Khufu pyramid
required 84,000 laborers
working 80 days per year
for 20 years
The Sphinx and Great
Pyramid of Khufu at
Giza.
Art and Writing
• Hieroglyphs
– Pictures that were used to write
the ancient Egyptian language
– Originally used to keep records
of the king's possessions. Scribes
could easily make these records
by drawing a picture of a cow or
a boat followed by a number.
• As the language became more
complex, more pictures were
needed. Eventually the language
consisted of more then 750
individual signs.
Hieroglyphics
The Great Sphinx is located
on the Giza plateau, about six
miles west of Cairo.
The Mortuary Temple of Queen
Hatshepsut
Khafre
Menkaure
Khufu
Bibliography
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http://www.crystalinks.com/socialpyramid.gif
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