Transcript Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders

Chapter 12
Psychological
Disorders
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What are
Psychological Disorders?
The medical model takes a
“disease” view, while
psychology sees
psychological disorders as
an interaction of biological,
cognitive, social, and
behavioral factors.
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What are Psychological Disorders?
Psychopathology –
Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or
thoughts inappropriate to the situation
and leading to personal distress or the
inability to achieve important goals.
Also referred to as:
• Mental illness
• Mental disorder
• Psychological disorder
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What are Psychological Disorders?
Three classic signs suggest severe
psychopathology:
1. Hallucinations
-false sensory experiences that may suggest
mental disorder.
2. Delusions
-persistent false beliefs.
3. Severe affective disturbances
-emotion or mood.
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The Medical Model
• The view that mental disorders are
diseases that, like ordinary physical
diseases, have objective physical causes
and require specific
treatments.
• Mental disorders are best
treated with drug therapy.
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Behavioral perspective –
Abnormal behaviors can be acquired
through behavioral learning – operant
and classical conditioning.
Cognitive perspective –
Abnormal behaviors are influenced by
mental processes – how people perceive
themselves and their relations with
others.
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The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral
Approach
• A psychological
alternative to the
medical model that
views psychological
disorder through a
combination of the
social, cognitive,
and behavioral
perspectives.
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
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Indicators of Abnormality
• Other signs of a disorder are more
subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily
on clinical judgment.
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
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How are Psychological
Disorders Classified?
The most widely used
system, found in the
DSM-V, classifies disorders
by their mental and
behavioral symptoms.
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Mood Disorders
Major Depression
• A condition lasting most of the day, day after
day, with a loss of interest and pleasure and a
lack of productive activity.
Symptoms:
-Trouble concentrating
-Lack of appetite
-Sleep abnormalities
-Feelings of worthlessness
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Causes:
• Genetic predisposition
• Biological basis
• Environment
• Low self-esteem
• Gender differences
• Cognitive aspects
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Mood Disorders
Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD)
•A condition in which
people become
seriously depressed in
one season of the year;
usually winter.
Causes:
Deprivation of
sunlight
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Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
•A condition in which a
person alternates between
periods of depression and
periods of mania (excessive
elation or manic excitement).
Causes:
Genetic component
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Anxiety Disorders
• Mental problems characterized
mainly by anxiety.
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder –
Characterized by persistent and
pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any
external cause.
Panic disorder –
Marked by panic attacks that have no
connection to events in a
person’s present experience.
Agoraphobia –
Fear of public places/open
spaces.
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Anxiety Disorders
Phobias–
A group of anxiety disorders
involving a pathological fear of a specific
object or situation.
Preparedness hypothesis –
Notion that we have an innate tendency,
acquired through natural selection, to
respond quickly and automatically to
stimuli that posed a survival threat to our
ancestors.
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Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder –
Condition characterized by patterns of
persistent, unwanted thoughts and
behaviors.
The 3 C’s
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Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform disorders –
Psychological problems appearing in the
form of bodily symptoms or physical
complaints.
Conversion disorder –
Somatoform disorder marked by
paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation,
but with no discernable physical cause.
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Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis –
Somatoform disorder
involving excessive
concern about health
and disease.
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders –
Group of pathologies involving
“fragmentation” of the personality.
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative
fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
• A psychologically
induced loss of
memory for
personal
information.
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
• Dissociative
amnesia with the
addition of “flight”
from one’s home,
family, and job.
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
• Abnormality
involving the
sensation of mind
and body having
separated.
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
• Condition in which
the individual
displays multiple
identities.
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa –
Eating disorder involving
persistent loss of appetite that endangers
an individual’s health – stemming from
psychological reasons.
Bulimia nervosa –
Eating disorder characterized by binge
eating followed by “purges,” induced by
vomiting or laxatives.
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia –
Psychotic disorder involving distortions in
thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions.
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Positive
Negative
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
• Features incoherent
speech,
hallucinations,
delusions, and
bizarre behavior.
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
• Involves a spectrum
of motor
dysfunctions:
catatonic stupor and
catatonic
excitement.
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
• Prominent feature:
delusions of
persecution and
grandiosity.
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
• Persons displaying a
combination of
symptoms that do not
clearly fit in one of the
other categories.
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
• Individuals who have
had a past episode of
schizophrenia but are
free of symptoms.
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
• Any form in which
the person displays
active symptoms.
(e.g. delusions,
hallucinations)
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
• Any form distinguished
by deficits, such as
withdrawal and
poverty of thought
processes.
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Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
• Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia
has been found in a variety of factors
including genetics, abnormal brain
structure, and biochemistry.
Diathesis-stress hypothesis –
Genetic factors place the individual at
risk, but environmental stress factors
transform this potential into an actual
schizophrenic disorder.
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Personality Disorders
Personality disorders –
Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive,
inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of
thinking, emotion, social relationships, or
impulse control.
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Personality Disorders
Narcissistic
personality disorder
Characterized by a
grandiose sense of
self-importance, a
preoccupation with
fantasies of success
and power, and a
need for constant
attention.
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder –
Characterized by a long-standing pattern
of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack
of conscience and a diminished sense of
responsibility to others.
Video Clip
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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder –
An unstable personality given to
impulsive behavior.
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Developmental Disorders
Autism –
A developmental disorder
marked by disabilities in
language, social
interaction, and the ability
to understand another
person’s state of mind.
Dyslexia –
A reading disability,
thought by some experts
to involve a brain disorder.
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Developmental Disorders
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder –
A developmental disability involving short
attention span, distractibility, and extreme
difficulty in remaining inactive for any
period.
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Adjustment Disorders and Other
Conditions That May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attention
Mild depression
Physical
complaints
Parent-child
problems
Bereavement
Marital
problems
Academic
problems
Job problems
Malingering
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What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses
lead to proper treatments, but
diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize
individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in
which their problems arise.
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M’Naghten Rule
• A defendant is not criminally responsible if, at
the time of committing an unlawful act, the
person was laboring under such a defect of
reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know
the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or
if he did know it, that he did not know he was
doing wrong.
Daniel M‘Naghten
Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel
Edward Drummond
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The Plea of Insanity
“Not guilty by
reason of insanity”
Insanity –
A legal term, not a
psychological one,
referring to a person
who is unable, because
of a mental disorder or
defect, to confirm his or
her behavior to the law.
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