Transcript PowerPoint chapter 06

Abnormal Psychology
Leading Researcher Perspectives
Edited by Elizabeth Rieger
Images, Figures and Tables
Chapter 6
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-1
iStock
Digital retouching of images in the media can result in
people developing unrealistic standards regarding physical
appearance.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-2
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-3
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-4
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-5
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-6
AFP/Getty Images
The Italian womenswear brand Nolita marked the 2007 Milan Fashion Week with
billboards and newspaper advertisements featuring a woman with anorexia nervosa.
These advertisements drew attention to the possible role of media depictions of thin
fashion models in contributing to the development of anorexia nervosa.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-7
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-8
Figure 1 According to the Dual Pathway Model, binge eating episodes
are triggered by dietary restriction, negative affect or
both (dark arrows). Binge eating episodes in turn result in increased
dieting and negative affect (light arrows), thus increasing
the likelihood of further binge eating
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-9
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-10
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-11
Figure 2 The drawings used in a study assessing obesity stigma in children,
which included a child with no visible disabilities, one holding crutches, one
sitting in a wheelchair, one with no left hand, one with a facial disfigurement,
and one who was obese
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-12
Figure 3 The percentage of patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) (Agras et al.,
2000) and binge eating disorder (BED) (Wilfley et al., 2002) who had recovered
after receiving cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy
(IPT) both immediately after treatment and one year later
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-13
Courtesy Stanford University
An example webpage from the internet-based eating disorders prevention
program ‘Student Bodies’.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-14
Proposed changes for eating
disorders in DSM-V
Anorexia nervosa:
• The amenorrhoea criterion is to be removed since, firstly, individuals
may have all of the other features of anorexia nervosa yet report at
least some menstrual activity and, secondly, this criterion cannot be
applied to all individuals with anorexia nervosa (e.g., males or premenarchal females).
• The criterion regarding ‘an intense fear of weight gain’ is to be
expanded to also include those underweight individuals engaging in
‘persistent behaviour to avoid weight gain’.
• Maguire, Touyz, Surgenor, Lacey, and Le Grange (in press) recently
proposed that a staging system based on the severity of symptoms
(similar to the staging system used for categorising cancer of different
levels of severity) be included in the DSM-V.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-15
Proposed changes for eating
disorders in DSM-V (continued)
Bulimia nervosa:
• The non-purging subtype is to be removed since individuals with this
subtype are similar to those with binge eating disorder.
• The frequency for binge eating and/or compensatory behaviours is to
be reduced to at least once weekly (rather than twice weekly).
Binge Eating Disorder will likely appear as a disorder in its own right,
with the binge eating occurring at least once weekly for at least three
months (comparable to the planned change for bulimia nervosa).
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-16
Chapter 6 Summary
•
•
•
•
•
Three eating disorders are recognised in the DSM-IV-TR:
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not
otherwise specified (EDNOS).
Eating disorders predominantly affect females, although this
gender difference is less pronounced for binge eating disorder.
Eating disorders are associated with a range of comorbid
psychological disorders and medical problems, some of which
may be life threatening.
Research suggests that a range of biological, psychological and
social factors is likely involved in the aetiology of eating
disorders.
Much focus has been on neurotransmitter systems (e.g.,
serotonin) and hormones (e.g., leptin) known to be associated
with the regulation of appetite and fullness.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-17
Chapter 6 Summary (continued)
•
•
•
•
Psychological factors believed to trigger dieting and binge eating
include low self esteem, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem that is
heavily based on shape and weight, mood disturbance and
personality traits such as perfectionism.
Social factors that are likely to contribute are disturbances in family
functioning, negative comments regarding shape or weight, and
cultural attitudes.
In terms of treatment, most research has been conducted on
bulimia nervosa for which there is strong evidence supporting the
effectiveness of CBT over other psychological and
pharmacological approaches.
Few randomised controlled trials have been conducted to evaluate
the effectiveness of treatments for anorexia nervosa, although
preliminary evidence suggests that motivational enhancement
therapy, CBT, family therapy, and even supportive clinical
management are of benefit.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-18
Chapter 6 Summary (continued)
•
•
•
•
While still at an early stage, research has already identified a
range of effective treatments for binge eating disorder including
self-help approaches, CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy and
behavioural weight-loss programs.
Medication does not appear to have a central role in the treatment
of eating disorders but may be useful to treat accompanying
psychological problems (such as depression) or if the patient does
not respond sufficiently to psychological treatment.
Identifying the most effective approaches for enhancing motivation
of individuals who deeply value and hence are strongly attached to
their symptoms remains a challenge.
Finally, identifying the optimal strategies for preventing eating
disorders is a high priority.
Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
6-19