Transcript PowerPoint chapter 03

Abnormal Psychology
Leading Researcher Perspectives
Edited by Elizabeth Rieger
Images, Figures and Tables
Chapter 3
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PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
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2008 Getty Images
Andrew Johns, previously a professional rugby league player, has
spoken publicly about his bipolar disorder to raise awareness of mood
disorders. This will contribute to the destigmatisation and acceptance
of these conditions in the community.
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Figure 1 The percentage of males and females from the ages of
11–21 years who were diagnosed with major depressive disorder
or dysthymia during a one-year period
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Figure 2 Beck’s (1976) cognitive model regarding the
development of depressive episodes
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Figure 3 In both forms of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT1 and CBT2),
there was a significantly greater amount of improvement in negative thinking
in the session (the ‘pre-gain session’) before a large improvement in
depressive symptoms compared with the control session (the session just
before the pre-gain session)
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Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.
Courtesy Michelle Wilson,
Macquarie University
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS) is a brain stimulation
technique that uses magnetic fields
to stimulate focal brain areas. The
magnetic field is produced by a coil
in either a figure 8/butterfly or a
circular shape depending on the
type of stimulation required. The
coil is held against the scalp at the
identified site. The stimulation is
non-invasive and is given while the
person is fully awake and alert.
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John Cade, the Australian
psychiatrist who discovered the
beneficial effects of lithium, which
was to transform the treatment of
individuals with bipolar disorder.
Courtesy the family of Professor John Cade
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Figure 4 The percentage of patients who developed panic disorder,
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or social phobia before, during
or after their first manic or hypomanic episode
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Figure 5 The Diathesis-Stress Model of bipolar disorder
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Figure 6 The percentage of bipolar disorder patients in the CBT and control
groups who experienced a manic/hypomanic episode or a depressive episode
over a two and a half year period
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Figure 7 The Instability Model of relapse in bipolar disorder
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Proposed changes for mood disorders
in DSM-V
• A new mood disorder is to be added—mixed anxiety depressive disorder—
characterised by the presence of a partial major depressive episode (three or
four symptoms including mood disturbance and/or anhedonia) accompanied
by significant anxiety such as irrational worry, inability to relax or a sense of
impending threat.
• Dysthymic disorder is to be renamed as chronic depressive disorder.
• A diagnosis of major depressive episode will no longer be excluded when the
symptoms occur in the context of a bereavement.
• A specifier for major depressive disorder called ‘mixed features’ will be
included for when some symptoms of elevated mood are present alongside
depression.
• ‘Mixed episodes’ will be removed as a distinct episode type within bipolar
disorder. In the proposed DSM-V; ‘mixed features’ will become a specifier
rather than a distinct type of episode.
• ‘Temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria’ will be introduced. This new
diagnostic entity has arisen out of the controversy over the high rate of
‘paediatric’ (or ‘juvenile’) bipolar disorder.
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Chapter 3 Summary
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Unipolar depression is characterised by periods of depressed
mood and/or a loss of interest in activities, together with a
range of other symptoms.
The main depressive disorders in the DSM-IV-TR are major
depressive disorder and dysthymia.
Depressive disorders are among the most prevalent
psychological problems in Australia.
Women are twice as likely to experience depressive episodes
compared to men.
The aetiology of depressive disorders is thought to be related to
biological, environmental and psychological factors, and this
multiplicity of factors is reflected in the diverse treatments for
depression, which include a range of both medical and
psychological approaches.
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Chapter 3 Summary (continued)
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The bipolar disorders are defined by the occurrence of
manic or hypomanic episodes, characterised by abnormally
elevated or irritable mood with a range of accompanying
symptoms such as inflated self-esteem, a decreased need
for sleep, and increased talkativeness, goal-pursuit and risktaking behaviours.
The efficacy of psychological treatments in conjunction with
pharmacotherapy has now been established in the
treatment of bipolar disorder. Further psychological
research is needed to develop interventions that will result
in greater long-term maintenance of the benefits from these
psychosocial treatments.
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