Transcript Minerals
Minerals
one of micronutrient
substances .
these elements deposited in
the rock ,go to soil, then to
plants , animal eat it ,then go
to human .
inorganic elements
has vital role in human
metabolism { building
,activity ,regulating
,transmitting ,& controlling }
Na ,K [ shift of body water ]
Ca ,ph provide structure of
the body framework
Iodine need for thyroid hormone
2% of Ca need to build the skeletal tissue .
** types of minerals :
1- major mineral
- found in large amount
-seven major minerals ( ca ,Mg ,Na ,K,ph ,sulfur & chloride )
2- Trace elements :
- found in small amount
- as iron ,iodine ,zinc ,copper ,Manganese ,fluoride
Major minerals:
@ calcium :
10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed
-absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum
-** factors increasing ca absorption :
1- vit D hormone :
- consider as control agent of ca absorption
- vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation
2- body need :
-growth
-state of hypocalcaemia
-pregnancy
-lactation
More ca is absorbed
3-diatery protein & CHO :
- greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein
-lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower
intestinal pH
4- acidity :
- acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption
** factors decreasing ca
absorption :
vit D deficiency
dietary fat : excess fat
decrease ca absorption
fiber & other binding
agent
alkalinity : decrease ca
absorption in alkaline
media
N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb
ca is reduced
** ca output :
70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca
may be excreted in the urine
- daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day
** ca in the bone :
99% of ca storage in bone & teeth
** ca in the blood :
1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid
**control agent of ca balance :
parathyroid hormone :
-release PTH to maintain normal level of ca
-stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption
-stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous
2- vit D hormone .
3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland ,it
prevent abnormal rise in serum ca
** functions of ca :
bone formation
tooth formation
general metabolic function
blood clotting
nerve stimulation
muscle contraction & relaxation
cell membrane permeability
enzyme activation
** clinical problems :
tetany : decrease ca
rickets
osteomalachia
osteoporosis
hypercalcemia ,renal stone
food source of ca : milk
,cheese egg ,green
vegetables , nut ,grains
** phosphorous :
1% of total body weight
closely associated with ca
,called metabolic twin
absorbed in the jejunum
ph found in bone ,blood ,&
cells
ph under control of PTH&
vit D
** physiological function of ph :
bone & tooth formation
general metabolic activity
absorption of glucose & glycerol
transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids
energy metabolism ( ATP)
buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the
blood
** hypophosphatemia :
celiac disease
rickets
osteomalachia
hyperparathyroidism
symptom include muscle weakness
** hyperphosphatemia :
Renal disease
Hypoparathyrodism
food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat
*sodium :
-absorbed through small intestine
-excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone
hormone
** physiological function of Na :
water balance .
acid base balance
cell permeability
muscle action
food source : salt used in cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg,
carrot
** potassium :
-mainly found inside the cell
-has significant effect on muscle activity especially
heart muscle
-absorbed in small intestine
-excreted through kidney
** physiological function of K :
water ,acid base balance
muscle activity
CHO metabolism
Protein synthesis
Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green vegetables
**manganese :
Mg present in all body cell
-has role in energy production & build tissue
-it also aid in normal muscle action
- found in fruit ,nut ,grain
** chloride :
out side of the cell
help in control water acid –base balance
highest concentration in the spinal fluid
found in HCL hydro choleric acid