Transcript File - pic sciences

Energy
Energy is the ability to do work. The word
‘work’ means transferring energy from one place
to another. energy is neither destroyed nor
created. It can only be changed.
Thermal
Electromagnetic
Sound
Types of
Radiant
Mechanical
Energy
Electrical
Nuclear
Chemical
Any object in motion has
mechanical energy. For
example a ball flying
through the air.
Energy caused by
the movement of
electrons.
Easily transported
through power lines
and converted into
other forms of energy.
• Comes from bonds between
atoms in molecules
• Chemical change = energy
released
• Examples:
•Gasoline burning in a car
•Food we eat
Comes from reactions
between atomic nuclei.
Fission splits
Fusion combines
HUGE amounts of
energy
 Includes
energy
from gamma rays, xrays, ultraviolet rays,
visible light, infrared
rays, microwave and
radio bands.
The Thermal energy is
the internal kinetic
energy and it considers
the motion of every
constitutive particle of
the system (molecules,
atoms, electrons, etc.).
•Vibration of molecules
in surrounding medium
(usually air).
Flows through empty space
Examples:
Sunlight
Radio waves
X-rays
Among all energy forms, which one
become prominent
in Modern World ?
Obviously we can say,
Electrical energy.
Because,
Electricity has become very useful and has changed everyone's life
since the day it was discovered. Of course, it couldn't be invented
for it is a natural phenomenon.
Individuals have become accustomed using the daily utilization of
electricity for electricity illuminates houses, switch on our
televisions, energy our laptops, cooks our food and then any other
electrical products. Consider considering our everyday activity.
Doesn't the majority of our actions involves electricity? Yes, it is...
Every little single factor on the planet involves electricity. Now,
are you able to imagine existence without electricity?
According to 'Law of Conservation of Energy',
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
But can be changed from one form to another.
So energy is inter-convertible.
Non-renewable
Renewable
Non-renewable Energy
(Conventional Sources of Energy)
Those sources of energy which have been produced
in nature over a very, very long time and cannot be
quickly replaced when exhausted, are called
non renewable sources of energy.
COAL :
Non- Renewable Energy
Coal is the most abundant
fossil fuel in the world.
During the formation of coal,
carbonaceous matter was first
compressed into a spongy
material called "peat," which is
about 90% water. As the peat
became more deeply buried, the
increased
pressure
and
temperature turned it into
coal.
COAL :
Non- Renewable Energy
COAL :
Non- Renewable Energy
Coal and Lignite
Coal deposits are mainly confined to eastern and south central
parts of the country. The states of Jharkhand, Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra account for more than 99% of the total coal
reserves in the country.
The State of Jharkhand had the maximum share (26.81%) in the
overall reserves of coal in the country as on 31st March 2014
followed by the State of Odisha(24.94%)(Table 1.1).
As on 31.03.14 the estimated reserves of coal was 301.05
billion tons, an addition of 2.11 billion over the last year (Table
1.1). There has been an increase of 0.7% in the estimated coal
reserves during the year 2013-14 with Odisha accounting for
the maximum increase of 1.85%
COAL :
Non- Renewable Energy
COAL :
Non- Renewable Energy
OIL
Crude oil or liquid petroleum,
is a fossil fuel that is refined
into many different energy
products (e.g., gasoline, diesel
fuel, jet fuel, heating oil). Oil
forms underground in rock
such as shale, which is rich in
organic materials.
Petroleum and Natural gas
♦♦♦ The estimated reserves of crude oil in India as on
31.03.2014 stood at 762.74 million tons (MT) (Table 1.2).
❖ Geographical distribution of Crude oil indicates
that the maximum reserves are in the Western Offshore
(42.91%) followed by Assam (22.69%), whereas the
maximum reserves of Natural Gas are in the Eastern
Offshore (37.24%) followed by Western offshore (30.17%).
(Table 1.2).
Natural gas
Natural gas production is often a byproduct of oil recovery, as the two
commonly share underground reservoirs.
Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the
most common being methane (CH4). It
also contains some ethane (C2H6),
propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10).
Natural gas is usually not contaminated
with sulfur and is therefore the cleanest
burning fossil fuel.
Natural gas
Natural gas
The estimated reserves of natural gas in
India as on 31.03.2014 stood at 1427.15
billion cubic meters (BCM) (Table 1.2).
Nuclear power
In most electric power plants,
water is heated and converted
into steam, which drives a
turbine-generator to produce
electricity. Fossil-fueled power
plants produce heat by burning
coal, oil, or natural gas. In a
nuclear power plant, the fission
of uranium atoms in the reactor
provides the heat to produce
steam for generating electricity.
• So, the reserves of Non Renewable
sources are very limited.
• They may extinct very soon.
• At this time, we may face 'energy
crisis'. So that we have to search for the
alternative sources on war-foot.
• Alternate sources are renewable :
1. Hydel energy
2. Wind energy
3. Solar energy
4. Biomass energy
5. Geothermal energy
Renewable Energy
Those sources of energy which are being produced
continuously in nature and will never be
exhausted, are called renewable sources of
energy.
1.3 Renewable energy sources
There is high potential for generation of renewable
energy from various sources- wind, solar, biomass, small
hydro and cogeneration bagasse.
The total potential for renewable power generation in
the country as on 31.03.14 is estimated at 147615 MW
(Table 1.3).
This includes wind power potential of 102772 MW
(69.6%), SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 19749
MW (13.38%), Biomass power potential of 17,538 MW
(11.88%) and 5000 MW (3.39%) from bagasse-based
cogeneration in sugar mills.
Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from
the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural
activities. It is derived from numerous sources,
including the by-products from the timber industry,
agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major
parts
of
household
waste
and
wood.
Hydel Energy
The energy in the flowing water can be used to
produce electricity. Waves result from the interaction
of the wind with the surface of the sea and represent
a transfer of energy from the wind to the sea. Energy
can be extracted from tides by creating a reservoir or
basin behind a barrage and then passing tidal waters
through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity.
Hydel Energy
Wind Energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy
associated with the movement of
atmospheric air. It has been used for
hundreds of years for sailing, grinding
grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy
systems convert this kinetic energy to
more useful forms of power. Wind
energy systems for irrigation and milling
have been in use since ancient times and
since the beginning of the 20th century
it is being used to generate electric
power. Windmills for water pumping
have been installed in many countries
particularly in the rural areas.
Geothermal Energy
We live between two great
sources of energy, the hot
rocks beneath the surface of
the earth and the sun in the
sky. Our ancestors knew the
value of geothermal energy;
they bathed and cooked in hot
springs. Today we have
recognized that this resource
has potential for much broader
application.
Geothermal Energy
Solar energy
Renewable sources Energy
Solar energy is the most readily
available source of energy. It
does not belong to anybody and
is, therefore, free. It is also the
most important of the nonconventional sources of energy
because it is non-polluting and,
therefore, helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect.
Solar energy
Renewable sources Energy
Renewable sources Energy
Tidal Energy
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that
converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power, mainly
electricity.
Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future
electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and
solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has
traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability
of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus
constricting its total availability.
Tidal energy
Renewable sources Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
Renewable sources Energy
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the
temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer
shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and
produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.
OTEC is a base load electricity generation system, i.e.
24hrs/day all year long. However, since the temperature
differential is small, the efficiency is low, decreasing the
economic feasibility of ocean thermal energy for electricity
generation.
POWER
GENERATION
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGIES CAN BE
CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Now this Electrical Energy can be utilized by an
Electrical Appliances for its work over a time
So Electrical energy can be called as ' Electric Power'
(or) simply ' Power '.
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted
to another form, such as motion, heat, or an electromagnetic field.
The common symbol for power is the uppercase letter P. The
standard unit is the watt,symbolized by W. In utility circuits,
the kilowatt (kW) is often specified instead;1 kW = 1000 W.