Transcript Skeletal System - El Camino College

Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
• 80 bones
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Appendicular Skeleton
• 126 bones
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Bony composition
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Endochondral Ossification
Diaphysis: refers to the shaft
portion of the long bones.
Primary site of ossification.
Epiphysis: expanded end
portion and it’s the
secondary site of ossification.
Metaphysis: growth zone
between the epiphysis and
diaphysis.
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Congenital and Hereditary
Diseases
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
1. Often called brittle bone
disease
2. Hereditary or congenital
1. Serious disease
3. Bone cortex is thin and
porous, and trabeculae
are thin, delicate and
widely separated
4. X-ray demonstrates
various fractures in
various stages of healing
and general decrease in
bone mass
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Osteogeneis Imperfecta
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1. Most common inherited
disorder of the skeletal
system
2. Results in bone
deformity & dwarfism
Achondroplasia
1. Normal trunk size &
shortened extremities
2. Usually no more than 4ft
tall
3. Clinical manifestation:
1. Lumbar lordosis,
2. bowed legs,
3. bulky forehead with
hypoplasia
4. narrowing of foramen
magnum causing neural
compression
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Achondroplasia
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1. Bones are abnormally
heavy and compact but
brittle
2. All bones are affected by
most changes occur in
long bones of
extremities, vertebrae,
pelvis and base of skull
3. X-rays demonstrate
increase in thickness
and density of bony
cortex.
4. Increase in the # and
size of trabeculae,
reduction of the marrow
space
Osteopetrosis
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Osteopetrosis
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Scoliosis
1. Lateral curvature of
the spine
2. Does not usually
become visible until
adolescents
3. Affects girl more
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Scoliosis
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Rotoscoliosis
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Transitional Vertebra
Often called Lumbar Ribs
1. Takes on
characteristics of both
vertebrae on each side
of a major division of
the spine
2. 1st lumbar may have a
rib
3. At C7 there may be a
cervical rib
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Cervical Ribs & Lumbar Ribs
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Anencephaly
1. Congenital
abnormality
2. Brain and cranial
vault do not form
3. Results in death
shortly after birth
4. Can be diagnosed
with US before they
are born
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Anencephaly
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Inflammatory Diseases
1. Chronic autoimmune
that may fluctuate in
severity
Rheumatoid
Arthritis
2. Overgrowth of the
synovial tissues
3. X-ray shows soft
tissue swelling &
osteoporosis of
affected bone. Bone
erosion &
decalcification
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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1. Most common form
of arthritis
Osteoarthritis
2. Articular cartilage
degenerates &
gradually is worn
away exposing
underlying bone
3. Ostephytes & bone
spurs are on x-rays
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Osteoarthritis
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1. Infection of the bone
& bone marrow
Osteomyelitis
2. Symptoms & signs
include fever, heat in
the affected area, &
dull pain
3. X-rays demonstrate
loss of bone calcium
and soft tissue
swelling
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Osteomyelitis
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1. Progressive form of
arthritis affecting the
spine
Ankylosing
Spondylitis
2. X-ray shows bilateral
narrowing &
fuzziness of the SI
joints
1. Calcification of the
bones of the spine
with ossification of
the vertebral
ligaments
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
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1. Is an inherited
metabolic disorder in
which excessive
amounts of uric acid
is produced &
deposited in the joint
and adjacent bone
Gout
2. Bone changes
include erosion &
overhanging edges
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Gout
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Spondylolisthesis
1. Slipping of the body
of the vertebra
2. Symptoms are
similar to those of a
herniated disk
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Spondylolisthesis
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1. Benign bone tumor
Osteochondroma
2. Affects women more than
men
3. Asymptomatic
4. Excessive bone growth
5. Cortex of osteochondroma
blends in with normal bone
and growth protrudes up &
away from nearest joint
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Osteochondroma
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1. Most common
primary malignancy
of the skeleton
Osteosarcoma
2. Highly aggressive
and most often
occurs in the bone
marrow
3. X-ray appears as a
sunray or sunburst
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Osteosarcoma
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1. Idiopathitic disease
and is not a true
neoplasm
Bone
Cyst
2. Consists of
numerous blood
filled arterivenous
communications
3. Most common
treatment is surgical
removal
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Bone Cyst
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MRI
1. Superior contrast resolution for soft tissue
detail
1. Modality of choice for soft tissue tumor
2. Extremely useful in eval of joints
2. MRi detects a larger number of
musculoskeletal subtleties with higher
resolution imaging
3. Bone marrow imaging is better than nuc
med scans for subtle abnormalities
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CT
1. Can be performed quickly & noninvasively
2. Defines extent of fractures and dislocations
3. Superior to MRI for cortical bone and
visualization of bony detail
4. Gives better bone detail than plain x-ray
5. Has been largely replaced by MRI for soft
tissue
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Nuclear Medicine
1. Has advantage over CT & MRI because it can
scan the whole body at one time
2. Can show if an injury is old or new
3. Still the standard for examination of metastatic
processes because it demonstrates metabolic
reaction of bone to the disease process
1. Is more sensitive than comparative radiographic
studies
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