Transcript Chapter 7 Body Systems

Chapter 1
Introduction to the Human Body
B. Souto
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 1
Introduction
1. Definitions

Anatomy is the study of structure or morphology

Physiology is the study of function.

Pathophysiology
2. Structure and function go together (Figure 1-1)

Name a body part/note function; note the relationship
between structure and function.
3. Anatomists of old were “grave robbers” explain this
statement.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 2
The Body’s Levels of Organization
From Simple to Complex

The body is arranged from simple ( cells) to complex ( organisms).
See Fig 1-2
• There are 4 structural levels of the human body ( cells, tissues, organs
(viscera) and systems)

Structure and function are related.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 3
The Body’s Levels of Organization cont’d
Major Organ Systems

An organ system is a group of organs that help each other to
perform a particular function ( see Fig.1-3). There are 11
major organ systems.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 4
Homeostasis

Definition: The body’s ability to
maintain a stable internal
environment in response to a
changing external environment.

Homeostatic mechanisms

Temperature regulation

Blood glucose control

Blood pressure regulation

Water balance

Homeostatic imbalances

Hyperthermia and hypothermia

Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 5
Anatomical Terms:
Talking About the Body

Anatomical Position

The anatomical position is the body
standing erect, arms by the side, with
palms facing forward ( Fig. 1-4).

Relative Positions-paired terms that
describe direction include superior and
inferior, anterior and posterior, medial
and lateral, proximal and distal,
superficial and deep, and central and
peripheral.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Anatomical
position
Slide 6
Do you know the answers?
In which body positions are these diagrams?
Hint:
You are lying on your spine in this position.
The answer rhymes with spine
Note words are not in text but
this is testable information!
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 7
Draw arrows showing
Are you able to do this?
Directional Terms
the direction of each
of the terms from the notes
on the left.
1. anterior (ventral)--the front side of the
body
2. posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the
body
3. superior (cranial)--toward the head
4. inferior (caudal)--away from the head
5. medial--toward the midline of the body
6. lateral--away from the midline of the
body
7. proximal--closer to the point of
attachment
8. distal--farther from the point of
attachment
9. superficial (external)--located close to or
on the body surface
10. deep (internal)--located beneath the
body surface
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 8
Can you identify the Body Planes?
The three planes are the sagittal
plane, frontal (coronal) plane,
and transverse plane ( see Fig.
1-5).
1. Sagittal--longitudinal section that divides
the body into right and left portions
a. median or midsagittal--directly down the
middle of the body
b. parasagittal*--divides anywhere except
for right down the middle; divides the
body into unequal parts ( not in text).
2. Frontal (coronal)--divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
3. Transverse--divides the body into
superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
portions
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 9
Regional Terms ( Fig. 1-6)

Regional terms ( anterior & posterior) are
listed in Figure 1-6. All words are testable!
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 10
Anatomical Terms:
Talking About the Body - cont’d

Cavities of the Body

Dorsal cavity
• The cranial cavity contains the brain.
• The spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains
the spinal cord.

Ventral Cavity
• The thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm and
contains the lungs; it also contains the
mediastinum.

Must be able to name organs located in each cavity!
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 11
Anatomical Terms:
Talking About the Body - cont’d

The abdominopelvic cavity is located below
the diaphragm.

The abdominal cavity is the upper part that contains the
stomach, most of the intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys.

The pelvic cavity is the lower part that contains the
reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the
intestines.

For reference, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four
quadrants and nine regions.

Other small cavities discussed later in text.
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Slide 12
Abdominal quadrants and regions
Why is the abdomen divided into quadrants and
regions?
What are the abbreviations for
each quadrant?
Can you fill in the diagram with the
abdominal regions?
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 13
A&P Review Resources

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/chapter
1.htm

http://www.studystack.com/Anatomy


Anatomy Arcade
Anatomy Arcade - Match A Body System

Do Something Cool - PsTL 1135
(The Bones Body Regions video is neat)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 14
Clinical Correlation

A patient is admitted with pain in the
periumbilical region. Within 24 hours, the
pain has localized in the RLQ. She is
diagnosed with ________________?

A patient experiences midepigastric
pain that radiates to the right subscapular
region. She is diagnosed with
_________________?
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 15