Transcript The Human Body in Health and Illness

The Human Body in Health and
Illness, 4th edition
Barbara Herlihy
Chapter 1:
Introduction to the
Human Body
1
Lesson 1-1 Objectives
• Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
• List the levels of organization of the
human body.
• Describe the 12 major organ systems.
• Define homeostasis.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
2
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: The branch of
science that studies the
structure of the body
• Physiology: The branch of
science that describes how
the body functions
• Structure and function are
closely related.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
3
The Body’s Levels of Organization
• Organization from
simple to complex
– Atoms
– Molecules
– Cells
– Tissues
– Organs
– Organ systems
– Human organism
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an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
4
Major Organ Systems
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•
•
•
•
•
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lymphatic
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
5
Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
6
Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
7
Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
8
Major Organ Systems (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
9
Homeostasis: Staying the Same
• Homeostasis: The body’s ability to maintain a
stable internal environment in response to a
changing environment
• Homeostatic mechanisms help maintain
homeostasis.
• Homeostatic imbalance is associated with
various disorders.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
10
Lesson 1-2 Objectives
• Describe the anatomical position.
• List common terms used for relative positions
of the body.
• Describe the three major planes of the body.
• List anatomical terms for regions of the body.
• Describe the major cavities of the body.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
11
Anatomical Position
•
•
•
•
Standing erect
Face forward
Arms at sides
Toes and palms
directed forward
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an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
12
Relative Positions
• Pairs of directional terms
– Superior and inferior
– Anterior and posterior
– Medial and lateral
– Proximal and distal
– Superficial and deep
– Central and peripheral
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an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
13
Planes and Sections of the Body
• Sagittal plane divides the
body lengthwise into right
and left portions.
• Frontal plane divides the
body into anterior and
posterior portions.
• Transverse plane divides
the body horizontally into
upper and lower portions.
Copyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
14
Regional Terms
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an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
15
Cavities of the Body
• Dorsal cavity
– Cranial cavity
– Spinal (vertebral) cavity
• Ventral cavity
– Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavities
• Mediastinum
– Abdominopelvic cavity
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an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
16
Cavities of the Body (cont’d.)
• Divisions of the
abdominopelvic
cavity
– Four quadrants
– Nine regions
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an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
17