Transcript Human Anatomy

Human Anatomy
Anatomical Terms
Definitions
• Anatomy – Deals with the structure of body
parts – their forms and relationships.
• Physiology – Deals with the functions of body
parts – what they do and how they do it.
• Dissection – The careful cutting apart of body
parts to see their relationships.
Anatomical Terminology
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Body Positions
Regional Names
Directional Terms
Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
Body Positions
• Anatomical Position
– The subject stands erect facing the observer, with
the head level and the eyes facing forward. The
feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and
the arms are at the sides with the palms turned
forward.
• Prone – body lying face down.
• Supine – body lying face up.
Anatomical Position
Regional Names
• Regions can be identified externally.
• Principal regions:
– Head (cephalic)
– Neck (cervical)
– Trunk
– Upper limb
– Lower limb
Directional Terms
• Superior (cephalic or cranial) and inferior
(caudal).
• Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).
• Medial and lateral.
Directional Terms
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Intermediate
Ipsilateral and contralateral.
Proximal and distal.
Superficial and deep.
Directional Terms
Planes and Sections
• Sagittal Plane – vertical plane – divides body
into right and left.
• Midsaggital or median plane – equal parts
• Parasaggital plane – unequal parts
Planes and Sections
• Frontal or coronal – divides body into anterior
and posterior parts
• Transverse plane – divides body into superior
and inferior parts
• Oblique plane – angle
• Section – one flat surface or a 3-D structure
Planes
Planes
Body Cavities
• Spaces within the body that help protect,
separate, and support internal organs.
• Two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral
body cavities.
Dorsal Body Cavity
• Located near the dorsal (posterior) surface of
the body.
• Subdividions
– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral (spinal) canal
• Meninges
Ventral Body Cavity
• Located near the ventral (anterior) aspect of
the body.
• Subdivisions
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity
• Diaphragm
• Viscera
Dorsal and Ventral Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
• Subdivisions
– Pericardial Cavity
– Pleural cavities
– mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
• Subdivisions
– Abdominal Cavity
– Pelvic Cavity
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity
Membranes
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Serous membrane
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
• The nine-region designation is used for
anatomical studies, whereas the quadrant
designation is used to locate the site of pain,
tumor, or some other abnormality.
Abdominopelvic Regions
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Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region
Hypogastric (Pubic Region)
Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region
Subcostal line, transtubercular line, midclavicular lines
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Horizontal lines passes through umbilicus