Transcript NEW UNIT 1
The HUMAN BODY • Concepts of ANATOMY and • PHYSIOLOGY Homeostasis • Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment--despite changes that occur internally or externally. Homeostasis must be maintained in: • • • • • • • gas concentrations temperature blood pressure pH (acidity) nutrients Water ions Feedback Systems • Negative Feedback • Positive Feedback • Body attempts to stop (inhibit) action • Most feedback in the body is negative • Body attempts to encourage (stimulate) action • Blood clotting, labor, breast milk production 5 STEPS OF FEEDBACK 1. STIMULUS What action occurred 2. RECEPTOR finds out what happened 3. CONTROL CENTER Brain/spinal cord— decide on action 4. EFFECTORcarries out action 5. RESPONSE—return to homeostasis ANATOMY • FORM • What it is • Example, heart, blood cells PHYSIOLOGY • FUNCTION • What it does • Ex: Heart pumps blood, blood cells carry Oxygen Levels of Organization • Chemical Level • elements (atoms) and molecules essential for life. • Cellular Level • each cell has a unique shape and function • Tissue Level • groups of similar cells performing a specific function Levels of Organization • Organ Level • two or more different tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes • System Level • groups of organs which work together for a common function • Organism Level: Human Body-groups of organ systems working together • • • • • • • • Directional Terms Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Planes • Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organ Sagittal plane Divides body in right and left sections Mid-Sagittal plane •Divides body into EQUAL right and left sections Mid-Sagittal plane •Divides into anterior and posterior sections Mid-Sagittal plane •Divides into superior and inferior sections BODY CAVITIES • SPACES in the body that contain body organs or other structures BODY CAVITIES • Lined with a serous membrane • two membranes • next to the cavity wall—parietal • next to the organ-visceral • Serous fluid is between membranes prevents friction and provides protection and cushion Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial Cavity • houses the brain • Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity • Houses and protects spinal cord Ventral Body Cavity • Thoracic Cavity • pleural cavities (2) • mediastinum • pericardial cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity • abdominal cavity • pelvic cavity LOOK AT HANDOUT ON BODY CAVITIES—STUDY THE HIGHLIGHTED SECTIONS Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Imaginary lines intersecting the UMBILICUS. Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four areas • The quadrants are used by clinical personnel to describe the location if abdominopelvic pain, tumors, or other abnormalities Abdominopelvic Quadrants • RUQ--Right upper quadrant • Liver • Right kidney • Gall bladder • RLQ--Right lower quadrant • Cecum • Appendix • Right ovary • LUQ--Left upper quadrant • Spleen • Stomach • Left kidney • LLQ--Left lower quadrant • Left ovary • Lower descending colon Abdominopelvic Quadrants • STOP AND DRAW: • Draw a circle where the lines intersect • Label this area the UMBILICUS The end Anabolism • Using energy to synthesize or BUILD new tissue or molecules Catabolism • The BREAKDOWN of tissue or chemical structures to produce or generate energy Metabolism • Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the body