Transcript Body Cavities - HCC Learning Web

Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
LECTURE OUTLINE
1. Anatomy & Physiology Introduction
2. Characteristics of the Human Body
 Levels of Organization
 Body Systems
 Homeostasis
3. Anatomical Terminology
4. Body Structures and Cavities
5. Medical Diagnosis and Imaging Techniques
1-1 Anatomy and Physiology Directly Affect
Your Life
Anatomy
• Study of structures of the body
• Oldest medical science (1600 B.C.)
Physiology
• Study of how living organisms perform their vital
function
Anatomy
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy,
examines structures without the use of the
microscope
Subdivisions
─Regional anatomy: Specific regions of the body.
─Systemic anatomy: Specific system of the body.
─Surface anatomy: Body surface.
─Comparative anatomy: Between different
species
─Developmental anatomy: Structural changes
from fertilized egg to an adult form.
 Embryology: Study of the structural changes
Microscopic anatomy examines structures not
visible to the naked eye
Subdivisions
─Histology: study of tissues and their structures
─Cytology: study of cells and their structures
Microscopes include
Light Microscope: Compound
Electron Microscopes: Transmission and Scanning
Physiology is the study of function
Subdivisions
Neurophysiology: Functions of the nervous system.
Endocrinology: Hormones and their control of body functions.
Cardiovascular physiology: Functions of heart, blood and blood
vessels.
Immunology: Body defence.
Respiratory physiology: Functions of the lung system.
Renal Physiology: Functions of the kidney system.
Exercise physiology: Functional changes in the body during exercise.
Pathophysiology: Functional changes associated with diseases.
Reproductive Physiology: Functions of the reproductive system.
Characteristics of the Human Body
Organization: Increasing levels of complexity in structure
and function
Metabolism: All the chemical reactions (anabolic and
catabolic) that occur in the body.
Responsiveness and movement: of cells, organs, body
parts or the whole body.
Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions
Development : Growth: Increase in body size due to
increase in cell number, cell size, or non-living matrix
Differentiation: Cells changing from unspecialized to
specialized state.
Reproduction: Formation of new individual.
Evolution: Genetic changes in a population of over time.
1-5 Levels of Organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism
Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization
Cellular Level
Chemical and Molecular Levels
Heart muscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex protein molecule
Atoms in combination
Organism
Organ system
Tissue
Cardiac muscle
tissue
Organ
The heart
The
cardiovascular
system
1-5 The Organ Systems: Integumentary
Major Organs
• Skin
• Hair
• Sweat glands
• Nails
Functions
• Protects against environmental hazards
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Provides sensory information
• Vitamin D production
Skeletal
Major Organs
•
•
•
•
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
Functions
• Provides support and protection for other
tissues
• Framework for muscles to cause movement
• Stores calcium and other minerals
• Forms blood cells
Muscular
Major Organs
• Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions
• Provides movement
• Provides protection and support for other
tissues
• Generates heat that maintains body
temperature
Nervous
Major Organs
•
•
•
•
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
Functions
• Provides and interprets sensory information about internal
and external conditions
• Directs immediate responses to stimuli
• Coordinates or moderates activities of organ systems
Endocrine
Major Organs
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glans
• Thymus
• Adrenal gland
• Pancreas
• Gonads
• Endocrine tissues in other systems
Functions
• Directs long-term changes in the activities of
organ systems
other
• Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
• Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Cardiovascular
Major Organs
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels
Functions
• Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved
materials including nutrients, waste products,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide
• Distributes heat and assists in control of
body temperature
Lymphatic
Major Organs
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Tonsils
Functions
• Defends against infection and disease
• Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory
Major Organs
• Nasal cavities
• Sinuses
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Alveoli
Functions
• Delivers air to alveoli in lungs where gas
exchange occurs
• Provides oxygen to bloodstream
• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
• Produces sounds for communication
Digestive
Major Organs
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
Functions
•
Processes and digests food
•
Absorbs and conserves water
•
Absorbs nutrients
•
Stores energy reserves
Urinary
Major Organs
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
Functions
• Excretes waste products from the blood
• Controls water balance by regulating volume of
urine produced
• Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
• Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Reproductive
The following is a list of several levels of organization
that make up the human body. Put them in order from
smallest to largest.
1) tissue
3) organ
5) system
2) cell
4) organelle
a. 1, 3, 4, 2, 5
b. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
c. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
d. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
The following is a list of several levels of organization
that make up the human body. Put them in order from
smallest to largest.
1) tissue
3) organ
5) system
2) cell
4) organelle
a. 1, 3, 4, 2, 5
b. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3
c. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
d. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
What is NOT true of the lymphatic system?
a. defends against infection
b. includes the liver and the pancreas
c. returns fluids to the bloodstream
d. includes the tonsils and the thymus
What is NOT true of the lymphatic system?
a. defends against infection
b. includes the liver and the pancreas
c. returns fluids to the bloodstream
d. includes the tonsils and the thymus
1-6 Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a
stable internal environment despite changing external
conditions
 Organ systems responds to external and internal
changes to keep body parameters within physiological
limits
Example:
• Blood glucose level is kept within narrow
range 70110mg/dl.
• Body temperature is maintained 37°C.
Set point: An ideal normal value.
Range: Maintaining functions around the set point.
Systems that Control Homeostasis
Nervous system:
• Controls by sending impulses to the brain and
spinal cord and then to the effectors (muscles and
glands).
Endocrine system:
• Controls by regulating hormone secretion of the
endocrine glands.
Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism
Feedback: A cycle of events by which homeostasis is
maintained.
Components of a feedback mechanism:
• Receptor – senses changes in the external and
internal environment.
• Control Center – evaluates the input and dictates
the required changes.
• Effector – makes the required changes.
1-7 Negative and Positive Feedback
Negative feedback opposes variations from normal
Positive feedback exaggerates variations from
normal
Negative Feedback is a corrective mechanism
involving an action that directly opposes a
variation from normal limits
• The response of the effector negates the
stimulus
• Body is brought back into homeostasis
• Normal range is achieved
Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback in the Control of Body Temperature
RECEPTORS
Temperature
sensors in skin
and
hypothalamus
Normal
temperature
disturbed
Information
affects
CONTROL
CENTER
STIMULUS:
Body temperature
rises
HOMEOSTASIS
RESPONSE:
Increased heat loss,
body temperature
drops
Normal
temperature
restored
EFFECTORS
• Sweat glands
in skin increase
secretion
• Blood vessels
in skin dilate
Sends
commands
to
Events in the regulation of body temperature, which are
comparable to those shown in Figure 12. A control center
in the brain (the hypothalamus) functions as a thermostat
with a set point of 37°C. If body temperature exceeds
37.2°C, heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow
to the skin and increased sweating.
Body temperature (°C)
Thermoregulatory
center in brain
Normal body
temperature
37.2
37
36.7
Vessels
Vessels
dilate,
constrict,
sweating sweating
increases decreases
Normal
range
Time
The thermoregulatory center keeps
body temperature fluctuating
within an acceptable range, usually
between 36.7 and 37.2°C.
Figure 1-2 The Control of Room Temperature.
RECEPTOR
Normal
condition
disturbed
Thermometer
Information
affects
STIMULUS:
Room temperature
rises
CONTROL CENTER
(Thermostat)
HOMEOSTASIS
Air
conditioner
turns on
RESPONSE:
Room temperature
drops
Normal
condition
restored
EFFECTOR
Air conditioner
turns on
20
30 40
Sends
commands
to
a In response to input from a receptor (a thermometer), a thermostat (the
control center) triggers an effector response (either an air conditioner or a
heater) that restores normal temperature. In this case, when room temperature rises above the set point, the thermostat turns on the air conditioner,
and the temperature returns to normal.
Room temperature (C)
Normal room
temperature
Air
conditioner
turns off
Normal
range
22 Set point
Time
b With this regulatory system,
room temperature fluctuates
around the set point, 22C.
Positive Feedback is where an initial stimulus produces a
response which exaggerates or enhances the change in
the original condition, creating a positive feedback loop
• The response of the effector increases change of
the stimulus
• Body is moved away from homeostasis
• Normal range is lost
• Used to speed up processes
Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting.
Clotting
accelerates
Positive
feedback
loop
Chemicals
Damaged cells in the blood
vessel wall release chemicals that begin the clotting
process.
The chemicals start chain
reactions in which cells,
cell fragments, and soluble
proteins in the blood begin
to form a clot.
Chemicals
Blood clot
As clotting continues, each
step releases chemicals
that further accelerate the
process.
This escalating process
is a positive feedback
loop that ends with the
formation of a blood clot,
which patches the vessel
wall and stops the bleeding.
Example of Positive Feedback: Childbirth
Table 1-1 The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation.
Figure 1.3 Homeostasis
Organism in
homeostasis
Internal
change
External
change
Internal change
results in loss
of homeostasis
Organism attempts
to compensate
Compensation fails
Illness or disease
Compensation succeeds
Wellness
Most examples of extrinsic regulation of organ
systems in the human body will be controlled via
________.
a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. autoregulation
d. homeostasis
Most examples of extrinsic regulation of organ
systems in the human body will be controlled via
________.
a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. autoregulation
d. homeostasis
1-8 Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position: Standard anatomical reference for
the human form.
―Standing upright, feet together flat on ground, toes
pointing forward, hands at sides, palms facing forward
Supine: lying down, face up
Prone: lying down, face down
Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks
Frontal or
forehead
Cranial
or skull
Nasal or nose
Ocular, orbital
or eye
Otic or ear
Cephalic or head
Buccal or cheek
Facial
or face
Cervical or neck
Oral or mouth
Mental or chin
Thoracic or
thorax, chest
Axillary or armpit
Mammary
or breast
Brachial
or arm
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Umbilical
or navel
Antecubital
or front of
elbow
Anterior view
Trunk
Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks
Antebrachial
or forearm
Pelvic
(pelvis)
Trunk
Carpal or wrist
Palmar or palm
Manual
or hand
Pollex
Digits
or thumb (phalanges)
or fingers (digital
or phalangeal)
Patellar
or kneecap
Inguinal
or groin
Pubic
(pubis)
Femoral
or thigh
Crural
or leg
Tarsal or
ankle
Digits (phalanges)
or toes (digital or
phalangeal)
Hallux or
great toe
Pedal
or foot
Anterior view
Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks
Cephalic
or head
Acromial or
shoulder
Dorsal or
back
Cervical
or neck
Olecranal
or back
of elbow
Upper
limb
Posterior view
Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks
Upper
limb
Lumbar
or loin
Gluteal
or buttock
Lower
limb
Popliteal or
back of knee
Sural
or calf
Calcaneal or
heel of foot
Plantar or
sole of foot
Posterior view
Anatomical Regions: Body regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Abdominopelvic regions
Anatomical Directions
• Reference terms based on subject
Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Right Upper
Quadrant
(RUQ)
Left Upper
Quadrant
(LUQ)
Right Lower
Quadrant
(RLQ)
Left Lower
Quadrant
(LLQ)
Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four
abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two
perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The
terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations,
are most often used in clinical discussions.
Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right lumbar
region
Right
inguinal
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left lumbar
region
Left inguinal
region
Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic
regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Spleen
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
Anatomical relationships. The relationship between
the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the
locations of the internal organs are shown here.
Figure 1-7 Directional References.
Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)
Right
Superior
The head is superior to the knee.
Cranial or Cephalic
Toward the head
Left
The cranial, or cephalic, border of
the pelvis is superior to the thigh.
Proximal
Toward an
attached base
The shoulder is
proximal to the
wrist.
Lateral
Medial
Away
from the
midline
Toward
the
midline
Posterior or Dorsal
Anterior or Ventral
Posterior: The back
surface
Anterior: The front
surface
Ventral: The belly
side. (equivalent to
anterior when
referring to the human
body)
The umbilicus (navel)
is on the
anterior (or ventral)
surface of the trunk.
Dorsal: The back.
(equivalent to posterior
when referring to the
human body)
The scapula (shoulder
blade) is located
posterior
to the rib cage.
Proximal
Caudal
Distal
Toward the tail;
(coccyx in
humans)
The hips are
caudal to the
waist.
Away from an
attached base
The fingers are
distal to the
wrist.
OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superficial
Distal
At, near, or relatively close
to the body surface
The skin is superficial to
underlying structures.
Deep
Toward the interior of the
body; farther from the surface
a Anterior view
Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet
The bone of the thigh is deep
to the surrounding skeletal
muscles.
The knee is inferior to the hip.
b Lateral view
Inferior
Directional terms
Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body.
Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body.
Intermediate One structure is between two other
structures
Sectional Anatomy
Used to study 3 dimensional structure of the body
or the body part
• Plane: an imaginary flat surface passing through
the body
• Section: an actual cut or slice to visualize internal
organization and structure
1-7 Anatomical Terminology
Sectional Anatomy
Used to study 3 dimensional structure of the body or
the body part
Plane: an imaginery three-dimensional axis
Section: a slice parallel to a plane
• Used to visualize internal organization and
structure
• Important in radiological techniques
• MRI
• PET
• CT
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Sagittal : Divides the body or an
organ into left and right sides
• Midsagittal:
• Through the midline.
• Equal right and left halves
• Parasagittal plane/section
• Away from the midline.
• Unequal right and left
portions
•
Frontal or Coronal
• Divides the body into
anterior and posterior
portions
•
Transverse or Horizontal
• Divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes.
Sagittal plane
Frontal or coronal
plane
Plane is oriented parallel to
long axis
Plane is oriented
parallel to long axis
A sagittal section separates
right and left portions. You
examine a sagittal section,
but you section sagittally.
A frontal, or coronal,
section separates
anterior and
posterior portions of
the body. Coronal
usually refers to
sections passing
through the skull.
In a midsagittal section, the
plane passes through the
midline. It separates the
body into equal right and
left sides.
Directional term:
frontally or coronally
Midsagittal plane
A parasagittal section
misses the midline. It
separates the body into
unequal right and left sides.
Directional term: sagittally
Transverse, or
horizontal, plane
Plane is oriented
perpendicular to long axis
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
(inferior view)
A transverse, or cross,
section separates
superior and inferior
portions of the body.
Directional term:
transversely or horizontally
1-8 Body Cavities
• Essential Functions of Body Cavities
1. Protect organs from accidental shocks
2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal
organs
• Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
• Divided by the diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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1-9 Body Cavities
Body Cavities are paces within the body that help protect,
separate and support internal organs.
Posterior or dorsal cavity
• Cranial cavity: Contains the brain.
• Vertebral cavity: Contains the spinal cord.
Ventral body cavity (coelom)
Divided by the diaphragm
•
•
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral body cavity divisions
THORACIC CAVITY
Right
lung
in right
pleural
cavity
BODY CAVITIES
Left
lung
in left
pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
Diaphragm
THORACIC CAVITY
Diaphragm
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITY
The abdominal cavity
contains many digestive
glands and organs
Retroperitoneal area
The pelvic cavity contains
the urinary bladder,
reproductive organs, and the
last portion of the digestive tract;
Acknowledgements:Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 1e
Martini/Ober
Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
• Provides protection
• Allows organ movement
• Linings prevent friction
Subdivides during development into
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded by chest wall and
diaphragm
Peritoneal Cavity
Right Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Left Pleural Cavity
Surrounds right lung
trachea, esophagus,
thymus and
major vessels
Surrounds left lung
Also contains the
Pericardial cavity
Surrounds heart
Extends
throughout
abdominal cavity
and into superior
portion of pelvic
cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Contains many
digestive glands
and organs
Contains urinary
bladder,
reproductive
organs, last
portion of
digestive tract, rectum
Figure 1-10a The Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions
DORSAL/POSTERIOR
VENTRAL/ANTERIOR
Cranial
cavity
Pleural
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Diaphragm
Peritoneal
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Serous Membranes line ventral body cavities
and secrete serous fluid into cavity
• Consist of two continuous layers separated by
cavity
Visceral layer — covers surface of organ
Parietal layer — opposing outer layer that
covers inner surface of body wall or chamber
Cavity: Potential space between visceral and
parietal layers
Figure 1-10b The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions
Visceral
pericardium
Heart
Pericardial
cavity
Air space
Balloon
Parietal
pericardium
Serous Membranes in Ventral Cavity
Pericardium: Surrounds heart
 Visceral pericardium
 Parietal pericardium
Pleura : Surrounds each Lung
 Visceral pleura
 Parietal pleura
Peritoneum: Surrounds most of abdominopelvic
cavity
 Visceral peritoneum
 Parietal peritoneum
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Retroperitoneal space
• Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular
body wall
• Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands
and parts of the digestive tract
Medical Diagnosis and Imaging Techniques
Diagnosis: Identification of disease or disorder:
• Consultation
─ Medical or familial history of disease
─ Symptoms (subjective changes) or signs (measurable or
observable changes)
• Physical examination
─ Vital signs: temperature, pulse, blood pressure, breathing
─ Palpation
─ Auscultation
• Laboratory tests
─ Urine test
─ Blood test
─ Biopsy
Medical Diagnosis and Imaging Techniques
• Explorative Surgery
• Medical Imaging
― Radiography
― Computed Tomography Scanning (CT Scan)
― Angiogram & Digital Subtraction Angiography
(DSA)
― Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
― Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
― Ultrasound
Radiography
• Uses X-rays
─ penetrate soft tissues and darken
photographic film
─ Dense tissues absorb X-rays so film
remains white
• Radiograph: picture that results; also called an
X-ray
• Radiopaque/contrast agents allow hollow
organs to be visualized
• Major use is osteology, chest examination,
mammography, dentistry
Disadvantages
• Radiation exposure
• Poor resolution of soft tissues and denser
structures block less dense structures
• Conventional X-rays flatten 3-D structures
into 2-D images
Computed Tomography (CT)
• Uses X-rays
• Patient moved through cylindrical machine
• Thin images can be viewed singly or the
computer can stack them to give a three
dimensional picture
• Sharper image than simple radiography
• Useful for soft tissue scanning, identification of
tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages,
kidney stones, trauma
Disadvantages: Radiation exposure
Angiogram
• Uses X-rays in conjunction with injected
contrast medium to produces image of blood
vessels
• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA):
Images of vessel taken before and after
injection of contrast medium and analyzed by
computer
• Used for diagnosis of aneurisms, atherosclerosis,
blocked arteries
Disadvantages: Radiation exposure
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Assesses metabolic state of
tissues
• Patient injected with radioactive
isotopes including glucose
• Emitted Positrons collide with
electrons giving off Gamma rays
that are detected by sensor
• Analyzed by computer
• Used to access active brain
areas when performing tasks,
oncology, heart damage
• Disadvantages: Cost, messy
radioactive tracers, patient
discomfort.
Cancerous
throat
tissue
A Technician monitoring the output of a
PET scanner
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Patient placed in cylindrical chamber surrounded by
electromagnets
─ Body subjected to strong magnetic field which
aligns hydrogen atoms, followed by brief pulse
of radiowaves to knock out of alignment
─ When magnetic field removed, electrons realign
giving off energy.
─ Detected by sensors and analyzed by
computers
─ Amount and rate of energy given off depends on
tissue type.
• Functional MRI (fMRI): used to visualize active
areas of the brain
• Better than CT scans for soft tissue. Excellent
contrast between normal/abnormal tissue.
Disadvantages
• Cost, Cannot use on patient with metal in their
body, limited use for mostly soft tissues, patient
Sonography (Ultrasound)
• Uses handheld device that uses
high-frequency sound waves and
detects echo back from internal
organs
• Avoids harmful x rays
• Used in obstetrics, cardiology
• 2nd most commonly used of the
techniques
Disadvantages
• Image quality, limited use
1-8 Body Cavities
• Serous Membranes
• Line body cavities and cover organs
• Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
• Parietal layer — lines cavity
• Visceral layer — covers organ
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1-8 Body Cavities
• The Thoracic Cavity
• Right and left pleural cavities
• Contain right and left lungs
• Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus, and thymus
• Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
• The heart is located within the pericardial cavity
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Figure 1-9a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
a
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A lateral view showing the body cavities
of the trunk. The muscular diaphragm
subdivides them into a superior thoracic
cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic
cavity. Three of the four adult true body
cavities are shown and outlined in red;
only one of the two pleural cavities can
be shown in a sagittal section.
Figure 1-9b Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
Visceral
pericardium
Heart
Pericardial
cavity
Air space
Balloon
Parietal
pericardium
b The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed
into a balloon. The attachment site, corresponding to the wrist
of the hand, lies at the connection between the heart and
major blood vessels. The width of the pericardial cavity is
exaggerated here; normally the visceral and parietal layers
are separated only by a thin layer of pericardial fluid.
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Figure 1-9c Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.
ANTERIOR
Pericardial
cavity
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Heart
Right
lung
Left
lung
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
POSTERIOR
c A transverse section through the thoracic cavity, showing the central
location of the pericardial cavity. The mediastinum and pericardial cavity
lie between the two pleural cavities. Note that this transverse or crosssectional view is oriented as though the observer were standing at the
subject’s feet and looking toward the subject’s head. This inferior view of
a transverse section is the standard presentation for clinical images.
Unless otherwise noted, transverse or cross-sectional views in this text
use this same orientation (see Spotlight Figure 1-10).
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1-8 Body Cavities
• The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic
cavity
• Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall
• Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs
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1-8 Body Cavities
• The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Abdominal cavity — superior portion
• Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
• Contains digestive organs
• Retroperitoneal space
• Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to
muscular body wall
• Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of
the digestive tract
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
1-8 Body Cavities
• The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Pelvic cavity — inferior portion
• Within pelvic bones
• Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which terms below are mismatched?
a. liver/abdominal cavity
b. lungs/pleural cavity
c. stomach/pelvic cavity
d. bladder/pelvic cavity
Which terms below are mismatched?
a. liver/abdominal cavity
b. lungs/pleural cavity
c. stomach/pelvic cavity
d. bladder/pelvic cavity
When the body is in the correct anatomical
position, what does that look like?
a. The terms left and right refer to the left and
right sides of the observer.
b. Hands are at the sides, dorsum of the hand
facing forward, legs apart, head slightly to
one side.
c. Hands are at the sides, palms facing
forward, feet together, eyes straight ahead.
d. The person must be lying down.
When the body is in the correct anatomical
position, what does that look like?
a. The terms left and right refer to the left and
right sides of the observer.
b. Hands are at the sides, dorsum of the hand
facing forward, legs apart, head slightly to one
side.
c. Hands are at the sides, palms facing forward,
feet together, eyes straight ahead.
d. The person must be lying down.
Bruce has gallbladder problems. Where does
Bruce have pain?
a. epigastric region
b. umbilical region
c. right lumbar region
d. right upper quadrant
Bruce has gallbladder problems. Where does
Bruce have pain?
a. epigastric region
b. umbilical region
c. right lumbar region
d. right upper quadrant
If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the
diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened?
a. the abdominopelvic cavity
b. the pleural cavity
c. the dorsal cavity
d. the pericardial cavity
If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the
diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened?
a. the abdominopelvic cavity
b. the pleural cavity
c. the dorsal cavity
d. the pericardial cavity
The __ peritoneum surrounds organs and the __
peritoneum lines the __. This membrane
functions to __.
a. dural; parietal; cranial cavity; separate brain
and spinal cord
b. pleural; pericardial; thoracic cavity; protect
internal structures
c. visceral; parietal; abdominopelvic cavity; allow
organs to slide across each other
d. parietal; visceral; thoracic cavity;
allow expansion of organs
The __ peritoneum surrounds organs and the __
peritoneum lines the __. This membrane
functions to __.
a. dural; parietal; cranial cavity; separate brain
and spinal cord
b. pleural; pericardial; thoracic cavity; protect
internal structures
c. visceral; parietal; abdominopelvic cavity; allow
organs to slide across each other
d. parietal; visceral; thoracic cavity;
allow expansion of organs
Which type of section would separate/divide
the body down the midline between the eyes?
a. transverse section
b. coronal section
c. parasagittal section
d. midsagittal section
Which type of section would separate/divide the
body down the midline between the eyes?
a. transverse section
b. coronal section
c. parasagittal section
d. midsagittal section