Transcript Anatomy Unit Power Point

The Faculty
Course Director
Michael Boysen
Sports Medicine
Mingus Union High School
Introduction
to
Anatomy
What is anatomy and why am I here?
GROSS ANATOMY: the study
of large (gross) structures that
can be seen with the naked eye
2 WAYS TO STUDY GROSS ANATOMY
Regional Anatomy: Studying all the
structures in an area together; e.g., the
lower extremity includes bones, muscles,
nerves, and vessels.
Systemic Anatomy: Studying a complete
system independent of region.
THE CADAVER IS THE BEST TOOL
FOR LEARNING GROSS ANATOMY
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT CADAVERS, READ
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY: the
study of small structures that can only be
seen with a microscope (HISTOLOGY)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY:
the study of the structural changes
that occur in the body over the
course of a lifetime
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT: FERTILIZATION TO BIRTH
NEUROANATOMY: the study of the
nervous system
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: the
structural changes in organs, tissues
and cells caused by disease
Clinical Anatomy
• Relationship of structure and function
– Emphasized throughout course
• Clinical correlations
– Assigned clinical correlations in textbook
• Case studies and problem solving
– Evaluation of case studies and application of
anatomical knowledge
HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATION
1. Cell – Basic unit of structure
and function.
2.
Tissue – Group of similar
cells that function
together.
3. Organ – Group of tissues
that work together for a
common function .
4. System – Group of organs
working together for a
common function
5. Organism – The human
body is composed of
many systems.
In this course we will mainly deal with
these three major systems
The NERVOUS System
CARDIOVASCULAR System
MUSCULOSKELETAL System
We will also cover the following systems
DIGESTIVE System
IMMUNE System
REPRODUCTIVE System
URINARY System
ENDOCRINE System
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
A STANDARDIZED NOMENCLATURE UNDERSTOOD BY HEALTH CARE
PRACTITIONERS THAT CAN BE USED WORLD-WIDE
WHY USE ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?
TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION AMONG HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
MOST ANATOMICAL TERMS CONSIST OF A PREFIX, A ROOT, AND A SUFFIX
ANA/TOM/Y
•
ANA (PREFIX): APART
•
TOM (ROOT): TO CUT
•
Y (SUFFIX): STUDY OF
STUDY OF [THE BODY] BY CUTTING [IT] APART
You will be learning approximately
2000 new terms during this course.
Don’t leave it till the last minute to
study them!
The Language of Anatomy
Some common abbreviations:
– ‘m’ for muscle (‘mm’ for more than one muscle)
– ‘n’ (‘nn’) for nerve(s)
– ‘a’ (‘aa’) for artery(s)
– ‘v’ (‘vv’) for vein(s)
ANATOMICAL POSITION
REFERENCE
FOR ALL TERMS OF POSITION AND DIRECTION
BODY STANDING ERECT
CHIN PARALLEL
TO THE FLOOR
FACE TOWARD
OBSERVER
ARMS HANG LOOSELY
AT THE SIDES
PALMS FACE
FORWARD
FEET PARALLEL,
SLIGHTLY APART
NOT NATURAL, NOT COMFORTABLE
TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION
ANTERIOR (VENTRAL):
towards the front of the body
POSTERIOR (DORSAL):
towards the back of the body
SUPERIOR (CRANIAL):
nearer to the head
INFERIOR (CAUDAL):
nearer to the feet
MEDIAL: toward
the body’s midline
LATERAL: away
from body’s midline
TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION
PROXIMAL: nearer to the
point of origin (organ) or
attachment (limb)
DISTAL: further from the
point of origin (organ) or
attachment (limb)
TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION
SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL):
nearer to the surface
DEEP (INTERNAL):
farther from the surface
TERMS OF POSITION & DIRECTION
IPSILATERAL: on
the same side
CONTRALATERAL:
on the opposite side
UNILATERAL: on one side
BILATERAL: on both sides
X
PLANES OF SECTION
PARASAGITTAL
PLANE
[MID]SAGITTAL
PLANE
TRANSVERSE
(HORIZONTAL)
PLANE
FRONTAL
(CORONAL)
PLANE
AXES AND PLANES
OF MOVEMENT
TRANSVERSE
ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR
LONGITUDINAL
AXES OF ROTATION / PLANES OF MOVEMENT:
LATERAL ROTATION
MEDIAL AND
ROTATION ABOUT A LONGITUDINAL
AXIS
MOVEMENT IN THE HORIZONTAL
PLANE:
LONGITUDINAL AXIS
ROTATION: turning a bone
around its own long axis:
1. MEDIAL ROTATION:
turning toward the body’s midline
2. LATERAL ROTATION:
turning away from the body’s midline
ROTATION OF
THE ARM
AXES OF ROTATION/
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
ROTATION ABOUT AN ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS
MOVEMENT IN THE
CORONAL PLANE:
ABDUCTION AND
ADDUCTION
ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION
a. Abduction: moves the bone away from the
midline, increasing the angle
b. Adduction: moves the bone toward the midline,
decreasing the angle
ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR
AXIS
ABDUCTION OF
THE SHOULDER
AXES OF ROTATION/
PLANES OF MOVEMENT
ROTATION ABOUT A HORIZONTAL AXIS
MOVEMENT IN THE
SAGITTAL PLANE:
FLEXION AND EXTENSION
1. FLEXION/EXTENSION
a. Flexion: decreases the angle between the
participating bones
b. Extension: increases the angle between the
participating bones
TRANSVERSE AXIS
FLEXION OF THE
SHOULDER
MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENTS:
GLIDING movements in which relatively flat
articular surfaces move back and forth and
from side to side with respect to one another;
there is no significant alteration of the angle
between the bones
GLIDING
GLIDING AT THE INTERCARPAL JOINTS
NAMING OF
BODY REGIONS
REGIONS OF THE BODY
8 & 9 HEAD AND NECK
3. THORAX
2. UPPER
LIMB
4. ABDOMEN
5. PELVIS
6. LOWER
LIMB
1. TRUNK
[TORSO]
FRONTAL
OCCIPITAL
FACIAL
NUCHAL
CRANIAL
CERVICAL
DORSAL
BRACHIAL
ACROMIAL
THORACIC
AXILLARY
CUBITAL
FOSSA
OLECRANAL
LUMBAR
GLUTEAL
ANTEBRACHIAL
COXAL
CARPAL
INGUINAL
POLLEX
PALMAR
FEMORAL
ABDOMINAL
DIGITAL
GENICULAR
PELVIC
FEMORAL
CRURAL
PATELLAR
TIBIAL
TARSAL
PEDAL
HALLUX
POPLITEAL
FOSSA
SURAL
CALCANEAL
PLANTAR
HEAD AND NECK REGIONS
BODY CAVITIES
CRANIAL
CAVITY
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
VERTEBRAL
CAVITY
VENTRAL
BODY
CAVITY
THORACIC
CAVITY
MEDIASTINUM
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
PLEURAL
CAVITY
THORACIC DIAPHRAGM
ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
ABDOMINOPELVIC
CAVITY
PELVIC
CAVITY
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Comprised of BONE and CARTILAGE
AXIAL SKELETON
• Forms the MAIN AXIS of the
body
• Has 80 named bones
• 3 Regions; Skull, Vertebral
column, and Thoracic cage
• Supports the Head, Neck and
Trunk
• Protects the Brain, Spinal
Cord and Thoracic organs
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• Bones of the Upper and Lower
LIMBS
• Is attached to the AXIAL skeleton
via 2 GIRDLES; PECTORAL and
PELVIC
• Allows movement of the limbs and
LOCOMOTION of the body
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
1. SUPPORT – The skeleton is a FRAMEWORK
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
that supports the weight of the body.
MOVEMENT - Bones are sites of muscle
attachment and muscles use bones as LEVERS to
move the body.
PROTECTION - Particularly the AXIAL
skeleton
MINERAL STORAGE – Mostly Calcium and
Phosphate
BLOOD-CELL FORMATION - In RED
MARROW
ENERGY STORAGE – Fat in YELLOW
MARROW
TYPES OF BONES
Bone Markings 1 :Projections that Help to Form Joints
•
•
•
•
Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet – smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle – “knuckle”--rounded articular projection
Ramus – arm-like bar of bone—e.g. mandible
Bone Markings 2:- Projections for
Attachment of Muscles and Ligaments
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tuberosity – rounded projection
Tubercle – small rounded projection
Epicondyle – raised area above a condyle
Spine – sharp, slender projection
Process – any bony prominence
Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone
Line – narrow ridge of bone
Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface
Bone Markings 3 :- Depressions and
Openings
• Meatus – canal-like passageway--auditory
• Sinus – cavity within a bone
• Fossa – shallow, basin-like depression, e.g.
supraspinous fossa on scapula.
• Groove – furrow
• Fissure – narrow, slit-like opening
• Foramen – round or oval opening through a bone
Cartilage
• Is surrounded by
perichondrium
• Consists primarily
of water
• Resilient tissue –
springs back to
original shape