Transcript Ch 13 Structures of the Respiratory System

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea
Pages 436-440
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Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs—alveoli
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Nasal cavity
Nostril
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm
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Air is inhaled… passageways function to:
 Purify air
 Humidify air
 Warm air
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Gas exchange occurs between:
 blood & external environment
 Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
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The only externally visible part of the respiratory
system
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Air enters the nose through nostrils (nares)
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Nasal septum divides the interior of the nose
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Respiratory mucosa lines the cavity:
 Traps bacteria/debris
 Lysozymes destroy
 Cilia sweeps posteriorly to throat
 Swallowed and digested by stomach juices
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Lateral walls have conchae
 Increase surface area
 Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
 Helps to trap debris/foreign substances
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The nasal and oral cavities are separated by
the palate
 Anterior hard palate (bone)
 Posterior soft palate (unsupported)
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A cleft palate is when the palate bones fail to
fuse medially
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Functions of sinuses:
 Lighten skull
 Resonate speech
 Produce mucus
 Squamous epithelial cells line the sinuses and secrete
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Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nostril
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
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Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
Three regions of the pharynx:
1. Nasopharynx—superior region behind nasal cavity
2. Oropharynx—middle region behind mouth
3. Laryngopharynx—inferior region attached to
larynx
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The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
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Pharynx
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
(a) Regions of the pharynx
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Tonsils of the pharynx include:
 Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) is located in the
nasopharynx
 Palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx
 Lingual tonsils are found at the base of the tongue
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Tonsils are clusters of lymphatic tissue
 Become inflamed/swollen from infection= tonsilitis
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Allows us to speak:
glottis – structure that includes the vocal
cords and their slitlike pathway (opening)
 Vocal folds (true vocal cords) vibrate when air is
expelled = speech
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Multiple cartilages surround and protect the
larynx
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eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoonshaped flap of elastic cartilage
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Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
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Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
 Largest of the hyaline cartilages
 Closes superior opening of the larynx during
swallow
 Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the
trachea
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4-inch-long tube that connects larynx to bronchi
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C-shaped hyaline cartilage reinforces walls
 Protect by keeping trachea “open”
 Allows esophagus to expand
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Lined with ciliated mucosa
 Cilia beat in the opposite direction of incoming air
 Cilia expel mucus loaded with dust/debris away from
lungs
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Posterior
Mucosa
Submucosa
Esophagus
Trachealis
muscle
Lumen of
trachea
Seromucous
gland in
submucosa
Hyaline
cartilage
(a)
Anterior
(b)
Cilia lining the trachea
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
• Nostril
• Uvula
Oropharynx
• Palatine tonsil
• Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract