Basic Terminology
Download
Report
Transcript Basic Terminology
Basic Terminology
Qualitative
Non-numerical
Based on direct
observation
Equipment not necessary
Focus on time and space
Examples:
Rotation of femur during
golf swing
Adduction of humerus
during freestyle swim
Quantitative
Numerical
Based on data collected
Equipment necessary
Focus on forces
Examples:
Stress on shoulder during
baseball pitch
Compression force on
femur during landing
Areas of Study
Biomechanics vs. Kinesiology
Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy
Linear vs. Angular Motion
Kinematics vs. Kinetics
Biomechanics vs. Kinesiology
Kinesiology:
Scientific study of human movement
Anatomical, physiological, psychological,
biomechanical
Biomechanics:
Application of mechanics to biological
systems
More specific than kinesiology
Anatomy vs. Functional
Anatomy
Anatomy
Structure of the body
Focus on structure
Example: Study of biceps brachii
Functional Anatomy
Body components necessary to achieve
goal
Focus on function
Example: Analysis of bicep curl
Linear vs. Angular Motion
Linear Motion
AKA translation or translational motion
Movement on straight or curved pathway
All points move same distance, same time
Angular Motion
Motion around some point
Kinematics vs. Kinetics
Both are biomechanical analyses
Kinematics
Examines space and time
Kinetics
Examines forces
Statics vs. Dynamics
Statics
Examines systems not moving or moving at a
constant speed
Equilibrium: no acceleration
Example: Spaceship gliding through space
Dynamics
Examines systems that are being accelerated
Example: Softball pitch
Stress-Strain Curve
Stress (σ)
Force applied to deform a structure
Force per unit area
2
Measured in N/m or pascals
σ=F/A
Strain (ε)
Deformation caused by applied stress
ε=ΔL/L
Stress-Strain Curve
(cont.)
Insert figure 1-9.
Elastic modulus (k)
Stiffness of a material
k=stress/strain=σ/ε
Residual strain
Difference between original length and length
resulting from stress into the plastic region
Safety factor
5–10x typical stress on structure
Stored Mechanical Energy
Proportional to area under stress-strain curve
ME=½σε
Spring, rubber band, trampoline
Insert figure 1-12.
Types of Materials
Elastic
Linear relationship between stress and strain
Viscoelastic
Non-linear relationship between stress and strain
Hysteresis: energy lost in a viscoelastic material
Skeleton
Axial
Head
Neck
Trunk
Appendicular
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Insert figure 1-16, only the
part labeled with the
segments of the axial and
appendicular skeleton.
Reference Positions
Anatomical position
Standard reference point
Palms face front
Fundamental position
Similar to anatomical position
Arms more relaxed
Palms face inward
Relative angle
Included angle between two segments
Relative Position
Medial – toward midline of the body
Lateral – away from midline of the body
Proximal – toward point of attachment
Distal – away from point of attachment
Superior – toward the top of the head
Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet
Relative Position
Anterior – front, ventral
Posterior – back, dorsal
Ipsilateral – on the same side
Contralateral – on opposite sides
(cont.)
Flexion & Extension
Flexion
Decreasing joint angle
Extension
Increasing joint angle
Hyperflexion
Flexion beyond normal range
Hyperextension
Extension beyond normal range
Abduction & Adduction
Abduction
Moving away from midline
Adduction
Moving toward midline
Hyperabduction
Abduction past 180° point
Hyperadduction
Adduction past 0° point
Other Movement Descriptors
Rotation
Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
Right/left for head & trunk
Lateral flexion
Head or trunk only
Example: head tilts sideways
Circumduction
Movement in a conic fashion
Movement of the Scapulae
Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug)
Depression – lowering the scapula
Protraction – move scapulae apart
Retraction – move scapulae together
Upward rotation – bottom of scapula
moves away from trunk, top moves toward
Downward rotation – return to normal
Specialized Movement Descriptors
Horizontal adduction
Combination of flexion & adduction
Horizontal abduction
Combination of extension & abduction
Supination – turn palms frontward
Pronation – turn palms backward
Radial flexion – hand toward thumb
Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger
Movement Descriptors of the Foot
Plantarflexion
Increase angle between foot and shank
Dorsiflexion
Decrease angle between foot and shank
Inversion
Lift medial edge of foot
Eversion
Lift lateral edge of foot
Pronation & Supination
of the Foot
Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as inversion
& eversion
Pronation of the foot
Dorsiflexion at the ankle
Eversion in the tarsals
Abduction of the forefoot
Supination of the foot
Plantarflexion at the ankle
Inversion in the tarsals
Adduction of the forefoot
Reference Systems
Necessary for accurate observation & description
Fundamental & anatomical positions
Axes
Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles
Origin
Point of intersection of axes
Absolute vs. Relative
Relative
Segment movement described relative to
the adjacent segment
Absolute
Axes intersect in the center of a joint
Planes & Axes
Plane
Flat, two-dimensional surface
Cardinal planes
Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the
center of mass
Axis of rotation
Point about which movement occurs
Perpendicular to plane of motion
Cardinal Planes
Sagittal
Left & right halves
Mediolateral axis
Frontal (coronal)
Front & back halves
Anteroposterior axis
Transverse (horizontal)
Upper & lower halves
Longitudinal axis
Many other planes exist
Degrees of Freedom
Degree of freedom
Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to
move
1 degree of freedom
Uniaxial
Example: Elbow
2 degrees of freedom
Biaxial
Example: Wrist
3 degrees of freedom
Triaxial
Example: Shoulder
Summary
Human movement analyzed using…
Qualitative analysis
Quantitative analysis
Materials & structures analyzed using…
Stress-strain curve
Movement described…
Using anatomical movement descriptors
In relation to planes of motion