Transcript kines_lecture_note_mr_bolu_shs_306_2nd_

INTELIGENCE AND SECURITIES
STUDIES
SHS 306
KINESIOLOGY
HUMAN MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGIES
Anatomical Position
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Standing erect, with palms
and feet facing forward
Is the standard reference
point in which all positions,
movements, and planes are
described
Anatomical Planes
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Fixed lines of reference
along which the body is
often divided or
sectioned to facilitate
viewing of its structures
Allow one to obtain a
three-dimensional
perspective by studying
the body from different
views
Reference Positions
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Anatomical position
 Standard reference point
 Palms face front
Fundamental position
 Similar to anatomical position
 Arms more relaxed
 Palms face inward
Relative angle
 Included angle between two segments
Reference Systems
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Necessary for accurate observation & description
Fundamental & anatomical positions
Axes
 Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles
Origin
 Point of intersection of axes
Absolute vs. Relative
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Relative
 Segment movement described relative to
the adjacent segment
Absolute
 Axes intersect in the center of a joint
Relative Position
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Medial – toward midline of the body
Lateral – away from midline of the body
Proximal – toward point of attachment
Distal – away from point of attachment
Superior – toward the top of the head
Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet
Relative Position
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Anterior – front, ventral
Posterior – back, dorsal
Ipsilateral – on the same side
Contralateral – on opposite sides
(cont.)
Planes & Axes
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Plane
 Flat, two-dimensional surface
Cardinal planes
 Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the
center of mass
Axis of rotation
 Point about which movement occurs
 Perpendicular to plane of motion
Cardinal Planes
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Sagittal
 Left & right halves
 Mediolateral axis
Frontal (coronal)
 Front & back halves
 Anteroposterior axis
Transverse (horizontal)
 Upper & lower halves
 Longitudinal axis
Many other planes exist
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal plane
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The plane dividing
the body into right
and left portions
Midsagittal or
median are names
for the plane
dividing the body
into equal right and
left halves
Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
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The plane dividing
the body into front
and back portions
Also called the
Coronal plane
Anatomical Planes
Transverse plane
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The horizontal plane
dividing the body
into upper and lower
portions
Also called the
Horizontal plane
Positions and
Directions
Terms of position and
direction describe the
position of one body
part relative to another,
usually along one of
the three major body
planes
Positions and Directions
Superior
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the head
or higher than another
structure in the body
Inferior
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the feet or
lower than another
structure in the body
Positions and Directions
Anterior
 Refers to a structure
being more in front
than another
structure in the body
Posterior
 Refers to a structure
being more in back
than another
structure in the body
Positions and Directions
Medial
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the
midline or median plane
of the body than another
structure of the body
Lateral
 Refers to a structure
being farther away from
the midline than another
structure of the body
Distal
Positions and Directions
(Reference to the extremities only)
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Refers to a structure
being further away from
the root of the limb than
another structure in the
limb
Proximal
(Reference to the extremities only)
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Refers to a structure
being closer to the root of
the limb than another
structure in that limb
Positions and Directions
Superficial
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the
surface of the body than
another structure
Deep
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the core
of the body than
another structure
Positions and Directions
Ventral
 Towards the front or
belly
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You Vent out or your nose and mouth.
Dorsal
 Towards the back
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Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.
Humans are bipedal, we walk on two legs,
therefore our Ventral side / Dorsal side
flips at our lower extremities.
Ventral – Black
Dorsal – White
Ventral – Black
Dorsal – White
Prone
 Lying face down
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Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.
Supine
 Lying face up
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Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.
Unilateral
 Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral
 Pertaining to both sides of the
body
Flexion
Movements
 Bending a joint or decreasing
the angle between two bones
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In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
 Straightening a joint or
increasing the angle between
two bones
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In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension
 Excessive extension of the
parts at a joint beyond
anatomical position.
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
Movements
Adduction
 Moving a body part
towards the midline of the
body
Abduction
 Moving a body part away
from the midline of the
body
Pronation
 Turning the arm or
foot downward
 (palm or sole of the
foot - down)
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Prone
Supination
 Turning the arm or
foot upward
 (palm or sole of the
foot - up)
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Supine
Movements
Retraction
 Moving a part backward
Protraction
 Moving a part forward
Elevation
 Raising a part
Depression
 Lowering a part
Movements
Rotation
 Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
 Tri-planar, circular
motion at the hip or
shoulder
External rotation
 Rotation of the hip or
shoulder away from the
midline
Internal rotation
 Rotation of the hip or
shoulder toward the
midline
Lateral Flexion
 Side-bending left or
right
Movements
Inversion
 Turning the sole of the foot
inward
Eversion
 Turning the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion
 Ankle movement bringing
the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
 Ankle movement pointing
the foot downward
Movements
Additional Range of
Motion
Flexion & Extension
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Flexion
 Decreasing joint angle
Extension
 Increasing joint angle
Hyperflexion
 Flexion beyond normal range
Hyperextension
 Extension beyond normal range
Abduction & Adduction
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Abduction
 Moving away from midline
Adduction
 Moving toward midline
Hyperabduction
 Abduction past 180° point
Hyperadduction
 Adduction past 0° point
Other Movement Descriptors
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Rotation
 Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
 Right/left for head & trunk
Lateral flexion
 Head or trunk only
 Example: head tilts sideways
Circumduction
 Movement in a conic fashion
Movement Descriptors of the Foot
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Plantarflexion
 Increase angle between foot and shank
Dorsiflexion
 Decrease angle between foot and shank
Inversion
 Lift medial edge of foot
Eversion
 Lift lateral edge of foot
Pronation & Supination
of the Foot
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Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as inversion
& eversion
Pronation of the foot
 Dorsiflexion at the ankle
 Eversion in the tarsals
 Abduction of the forefoot
Supination of the foot
 Plantarflexion at the ankle
 Inversion in the tarsals
 Adduction of the forefoot
Movements
Flexion
 Extension
 Hyperextension
 Adduction
 Abduction
 Prontaion
 Supination
 Retraction
 Protraction
 Elevation
 Depression
 Rotation
 Circumduction
 External Rotation
 Internal Rotation
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Dorsiflexion
 Plantarflexion
 Radial Deviation
 Ulnar Deviation
 Opposition
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End
of
Lecture