Transcript Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology

Welcome to Anatomy and
Physiology
Disruptive students will be
dissected.
Anatomy vs. Physiology
• Study of the
structures of the body
• The study of how the
body works.
Anatomy vs. Physiology
• Study of the
structures of the body
– Includes study of cells,
tissues, organs and
gross anatomy.
• The study of how the
body works.
– Often specialized by
system.
Structure and function
The way a structure is built is directly related
to way it operates
Examples:
--Muscle cells
--Villi
--Hand
Neurons
Arteries
Eye
Levels of Organization
Systems
• Can you name 11 body systems?
Systems (Can you name 11 body systems?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
Characteristics of living things
Characteristics of living things
• (Yeah, I know. You studied this already in
biology. Study it again.)
Characteristics of living things
All human bodies show:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Characteristics of living things
All human bodies show:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Homeostasis
• The process of maintaining stable body
conditions regardless of the changes in
the outside world.
– What are 2 examples of homeostasis?
Homeostasis
• The process of maintaining stable body
conditions.
– Ex.// sweating or shivering to maintain body
temperature.
– Hunger encourages you to eat.
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Effector
Response
lowers it
If the stimulus
is too high
Sensor
Response
raises it
Effector
If the stimulus
is too low
Positive feedback
When a stimulus causes a response to
increase.
Ex.// blood clotting
The human body
The Anatomical Position
Can you describe
this anatomical
position?
The Anatomical Position
Standing
Head facing forward
Arms at sides
Palms facing forward,
thumbs out
Feet shoulder length apart
Feet flat
Directions
• We use Latin adjectives to describe
directions in the body
Directions
•
•
•
•
•
Lateral/medial
Anterior/posterior (ventral/ dorsal)
Superior/inferior
Proximal/distal
Superficial/profound (deep)
• (cephalic or cranial /caudal—used more
with 4-footed animals)
Directions
Body Regions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anterior
Abdominal Antecubital
Axillary
Brachial
Carpal
Cervical
Crural
Digital
Femoral Inguinal
Facial
Patellar
Pectoral Pubic
Sternal
Tarsal
Thoracic Umbilical
•
•
•
•
•
Posterior
Deltoid
Gluteal
Lumbar Occipital
Plantar
Popliteal
Sacral
Scapular
Vertebral
Frontal Section
Sections
Sagittal Section
Cross Section
Sections (cont’d)
…OR they might be labeled…
• Median = midsaggital
• Frontal = coronal
• Cross section = transverse
Coronal Section
Sections
Median Section
Transverse Section
There are a lot of organs in the
abdominal region.
• You may use either a 4 quadrant system
or a 9 region system to describe the
locations
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Side
Remember: The subject is facing you!
Left Side
Translation Guide
epigastric
hypogastric
“above” “stomach” “below”
hypochondriac
“cartilage”
(referring to the
lower ribs)
Nine-region system
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
• Right and left
lumbar
• Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1–7b
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
• Right and left
lumbar
• Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1–7b
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
• Right and left
lumbar
• Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1–7b
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
• Right and left
lumbar
• Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1–7b
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
• Right and left
lumbar
• Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1–7b
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
• Right and left
lumbar
• Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1–7b
Cavities
•
Body cavity is a space in the body lined
with a membrane
Cavities
•
Two types:
1. Dorsal
1. Spinal
2. Cranial
2. Ventral
1. Thoracic (includes mediastinum)
2. Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)
Cavities
•
Two types:
1. Dorsal
Lined with
membranes called
meninges
1. Spinal
2. Cranial
2. Ventral
1. Thoracic (includes mediastinum)
2. Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)
Cavities
•
Two types:
Contains the brain
and spinal cord
1. Dorsal
1. Spinal
2. Cranial
2. Ventral
1. Thoracic (includes mediastinum)
2. Abdominal (or abdominopelvic)
Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Regions
Figure 1–7c
Open Body Cavities
1. Oral and digestive (separated by
sphincters, not membranes).
2. Nasal cavity
3. Orbital cavities
4. Middle ear cavities
These are about the only places the body can be infected
unless the skin is damaged