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Brain
Cerebrum: Lobes named by associated
bones
Dicephalon-> Limbic
Limbic system
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
Lobotomy
• Malformation
• Severe nerves connect
frontal lobe to rest of
brain
– Leucotomy ( leucotome)
– Ice pick
• 30’s to 70’s
Mesacephalon-> Midbrain
Midbrain
Rhombencephalon-> Hindbrain
Hind brain
CNS
Meninges
Can’t differentiate with the naked eye
• Dura:
– Tough
– Thick
• Arachnoid
– Delicate
– spidery
• Pia
– Meshlike
– Thin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Vertebral disc
Vertebral body
Dura mater
Epidural space
Spinal chord
Subarachnoid space
vENTRICLES
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Peripheral Nervous Overview
An Overview
General: nonspecific innervation
Specialized: Specific target
Specific
• 12 pairs
• Mostly mixed nerves (with exception of first
couple pairs  completely sensory)
• Often innervated along of Autonomic NS
• Will start with cranial nerves
Olfactory I
Smell
Optic Nerve II
Sight
Moves eye
Oculomotor III
Sight
Pupil Constriction
Acronymn: PEARL
Trochlear IV
Sight
Superior Oblique Muscle
Trigeminal
•Mouth,Vteeth, lips
Facial
•Jaw
•Eye, scalp
Abducens VI
Eye
Lateral Rectus Muscles
Failure of lateral rectus
muscle (patient trying to
following object)
Facial Nerve
•Taste VII
•Facial Expression
•Tear & Salivary
Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
Hearing
Diseases
• Disease can include
sensorineural deafness
• Bilateral benign tumors on
nerve sheath
Glossopharyngeal IX
Tongue & Pharynx
Mainly Sensory
• Motor (pharynx)
• Parasympathetic response salivary
Vagus Nerve X
Innervations allow:
• Speech
• Swallow
• Thorax/Abdominals
• Note: Vasovagus Syncope
Accessory
Both Cranial and Spinal
• Cranial
– Soft palate
– Pharynx
– Larynx
• Motor
– Trapezius
– Sternocleidomastoid
Hypoglossal XII
Tongue
• Speaking
• Swallowing