Transcript Drug delivery for skin - Abdel Hamid Derm Atlas

Drug delivery
of topical vitamins, minerals &
botanical ingredients for skin
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In Egypt, the pharmaceutical companies are in race of producing drugs
under the title “ Dietary supplement” The companies are not in need for the
permission of the health authorities for such production. Even their prices
are not checked by any other authority ..
In the following power points, one can notice the response in other countries
concerning such type of products.
@ The following vitamins are used in topical preparations: A , C, D, E,B3, K
@ The minerals used in topical preparation will be discussed in separate
slides.
@ The botanical ingredients: there is no mention of the part of plant used in
such preperations: stem, leaves, root, fruit ; in what stage of their growth, ;
the amount ; the concentration of the active principals; the reaction with
other constituent of such preparations & any experiment done for their
efficiency on human or animals.
In the present review @ a discussion of conventional topical preparations of
vitamins, minerals, & botanical ingredients in cosmetics.
@ their application in liposome
@ the future nanotechnology in cosmetics & drugs for skin diseases
• Vitamin C Moisturizing Cream
Vitamin C enhances the skin's natural
production of collagen and helps to support skin
health.
• * THESE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN
EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG
ADMINISTRATION. THIS PRODUCT IS NOT
INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT, CURE, OR
PREVENT ANY DISEASE.
• Important Walmart Disclaimer:
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purposes only. Neither the author nor Walmart.
com assumes any responsibility for errors,
omissions or contrary interpretation of the
subject matter herein. Walmart does not
sponsor, recommend or endorse any third party,
product, service or information provided on this
site.
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Warnings
For external use only. When using this
product:
Do not apply to wounds or damaged skin
Do not bandage tightly
Do not use in or near the eyes; if product
gets into eyes, rinse thoroughly with water
Do not use with an electric heating pad
Stop use and ask a doctor if
Condition worsens
Symptoms last more than 7 days or clear up
and occur again within a few days
A rash or irritation develops
If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health
professional before use. Keep out of reach
of children. If swallowed, get medical help or
contact a Poison Control Center right away.
Drug smugglers trying to get marijuana across the Arizona-Mexico are using a new
delivery method: a catapult. Using a video surveillance system, the National Guard
caught several people launching packages over the border fence
Part I
Structure of the skin barrier
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Schematic structure of the stratum corneum according to the brick and
mortar model. The horny cells are embedded in a lamellar structured lipid
matrix
The epidermal lipids comprise 10 to 30 % of the total volume of the stratum
corneum. The major components are: ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol,
and cholesterol esters . The lipids are organized as multiple lipid bilayers
which form regions of semi-crystalline gel and liquid crystals domains
Possible pathways for a penetrant to cross the skin barrier. across the intact
horny layer, through the hair follicles with the associated sebaceaous glands,
or via the sweat glands
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Three mechanisms are suggested
for solute penetration of the horny
extract:
a. Transfollicle permeation
(through hair follicles) and
sudoriparous hair ducts - Various
investigations have established
that the transfollicle route is a very
significant penetration route for
many compounds
b. Transcellular permeation:
solutes pass directly through the
horny cells and the intercellular
lipid matrix
c. Intercellular permeation: the
solutes tortuously diffuse around
the horny cells, constantly
remaining in the lipid matrix.
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ACTIVE SUBSTANCE LIBERATION SYSTEMS FOR TOPICAL
ADMINISTRATION
Liposomes and niosomes, cyclodextrines, microparticles (microcapsules,
microspheres) and nanoparticles (nanocapsules and nanospheres) are some
of the types of liberation systems used to transport active substances in
topical administration. Of these, nanoparticles are promising systems as they
have no technological limitation, have high physicochemical stability, and
can be incorporated in different formulations. Nanoparticulate systems can
be used as vehicles for the modified liberation of a wide variety of active
substances.
Therefore, this active substance liberation system for topical application aims
to (1) facilitate labile substance transport, increasing compound efficacy, and
improving final product appearance; (2) maximize the length of time
compounds remain in the skin, minimising transdermal absorption;
and (3) liberate products in specific areas.
It is not just the topical route which is hailed as promising in
nanodermatology. Today there are many studies on the use of nanoparticles,
mainly liposomes as delivery vehicles for drugs neoplasia treatment, such as
melanoma skin cancer. Nanotechnology provides a way of encapsulating
therapeutic agents which lead to improvements in circulation time, tumour
absorption without compromising the reticuloendothelial system and
minimising toxicity.
DRUG TRANSPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE FOLLICULAR ROUTE
From the systems frequently studied for topical treatments, microparticles
stand out as presenting good stability and for allowing a modified liberation
of active compounds.. Recent studies have shown that microparticle
penetration through cutaneous appendages is proportional to their size. No
microparticle larger than 10µm penetrates via follicle orifices or the horny
layer, while particles with a diameter between 9 and 10µm concentrate
around the follicle opening without any penetration. Microparticles of 7µm
are frequently seen in much deeper regions of the follicle canal, but rarely
penetrate the horny layer. Microparticles of 5µm display high concentrations
in the follicle duct, but do not penetrate through the horny layer .Different
studies have proven that micro and nanoparticle systems improve drug
permanence in the skin without increasing transdermal transport.. With
regard to exposure, the follicle route offers an extraordinary opportunity for
drug transport in dermatological treatment and functional cosmetics.
THE HAIR FOLLICLE AS A DRUG ACTION SITE
• THE HAIR FOLLICLE AS A DRUG ACTION SITE
• The pilosebaceous units have an important role in the
permeation and penetration processes of topically
applied compounds. The human hair follicle, as well as
being a reservoir is an entry point for topically applied
substances, and also contributes to transporting drugs
through the skin. Liberation systems for drugs and
formulations aimed selectively at the human hair follicle
allow the delivery of effective doses of active compounds
to the interior of the follicle duct. Possible applications
include treating hair growth abnormalities as well as
treating hair follicle associated diseases and general skin
disorders.
AloCel C - topical vitamin C therapy creme
Vitamins E, A & D Moisturizing Cream
Retinoids
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In 1931, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Karrer, Morf & Schopp (Karrer, P.,
Morf, R, Schopp, K.: Zur Kenntnis de vitamin-a aus Fischtranin.helv Chim
Acta, 1931: 14,1O36) for determining the structure of retinol ( vitamin A).
Twelve years later ,retinol ( vitasmin A) was successfully synthesized &
became commercially available. Since that time, retinoid field has
proliferated with compounds now numbering more than 25OOproducts
(Kligman, 1998)
Initially, a retinoid was defined as a compound the structure & action of
which resembled the parent compound retinol ( vitamin A). Through the
last decades, chemists have made extensive modifications to the naturally
occurring molecule that have resulted in the development of three
generations of retinoids. The latest retinoids bear little structural
resemblance to retinol ( Vitamin A) but still qualify as retinoids because they
can exert their biologic action through the same nuclear receptors
modulated by the active natural metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid.
Retinoic acid is a lipid soluble molecule known to affect cell growth,
differentiation, homeostasis, apoptosis & embryonic development.
Retinoids (Continue)
• Paul Karrer: Nobel Prize
in Chemistry (1937)
Retinoids (Continue)
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In fact, retinoids elicit their effects at the molecular level by regulating gene
transcription and affecting activities such as cellular differentiation &
proliferation. The three generations of retinoids:
I. First generation (non aromatic):
@ Retinol ( vitamin A)
@ Tretinoin: Topically in acne & anti-aging products
@ Isotretinoin: systemically for acne & hidradenitis suppurativa
II. Second generation (mono -aromatic)
@ Eterinate: Systemically for psoriasis, now rarely used
@ Acitretin: Systemically for psoriasis , a metabolite of etretinate
III. Third generation (poly-aromatic)
@ Arotinoid
@ Adaplane: Topically for acne
@ Tazarotene : Topically for psoriasis & acne
@ Bexarotene: Systemically for cutaneous lymphoma
Retinoids (Continue)
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The most important side effect of retinoids is their teratogenicity. Pregnancy
& breastfeeding are absolute contraindication.
Other side effects include a dose dependant cheilitis, epistaxis, dry mouth,
xerosis, pruritis, skin fragility, photosensitivity, alopecia, pyogenic granuloma
formation & nail changes. Bone pain may occur with or without bony
exostosis, myalgia & arthralgia. Transiently liver function tests & serum
lipids are also seen. A potential psychiatric side effects of systemic retinoids
are controversial & care should be taken when prescribing for patients with
a history of depression or suicidal ideation.
@ Early users of retinoids warned to apply the product only at night. In fact,
it has now been established that there is no decrease of the minimal
erythema dose for human skin. Moreover, retinoids possess neither
phototoxic nor photosensitizing activity.
Calcipotriene cream contains vitamin D analog and is either used for
treatment separately or along with other topical medications, but its overuse
may cause other complications
Tazarotene
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TAZORAC® (tazarotene) Cream,
0.05% and 0.1% is for topical use
and contains the active ingredient,
tazarotene. Each gram of
TAZORAC® Cream, 0.05% and
0.1% contains 0.5 and 1 mg of
tazarotene, respectively in a white
cream base.
Tazarotene is a member of the
acetylenic class of retinoids.
Chemically, tazarotene is ethyl 6[(4,4dimethylthiochroman-6yl)ethynyl]nicotinate. The
compound has an empirical
formula of C21H21NO2S and
molecular weight of 351.46. The
structural formula is shown below:
Acnessential 4% Topical Niacinamide cream | Gel | Acne
Cream & Acne Scar Removal - Vitamin B3 Cream
Topical Vitamin D Cream
• Vitamin D is known as the
'sunshine vitamin' as it is made
when the skin is exposed to
the Ultra Violet rays of the sun.
Unfortunately these are the
same rays that damage skin,
causing it to age prematurely.
SAFE-D Cream features
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
which is normally produced
naturally in the skin from
exposure to sunlight.
Vitamin K Cream with Menaquinone-7, 97% Natural
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Ingredients: Purified (deionized) water, Aloe
barbadensis (aloe vera) leaf gel, vegetable
glycerin, Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed
oil, Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond)
oil, extra virgin Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil,
stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, beeswax, cocoa
butter, shea butter, vitamin K2 (as
menaquinone-7) (in a base of sunflower oil),
glucose and glucose oxidase and
lactoperoxidase (natural preservative),
phenoxyethanol, d-panthenol (vitamin B-5),
vitamin E (tocopherol), vitamin C (ascorbic
acid), soy lecithin, potassium hydroxide,
xanthan gum, lavender oil, white thyme oil,
Origanum vulgare (oregano) leaf extract,
Thymus vulgaris (thyme) leaf extract,
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) bark
extract, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf
extract, Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) flower
extract, Citrus medica limonum (lemon) peel
extract, Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf
extract, Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) root
extract, Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract.
Directions: Apply two times per day to
premoistened skin.
WARNING: Consult your healthcare provider if
using blood-thinning medication or if you are
pregnant or nursing. For external use only.
Avoid contact with eyes. If skin irritation occurs,
discontinue use.
Vitamin K Cream
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Ingredients: Purified Water,
Glyceryl Stearate, Vegetable Oil,
Vitamin K, Stearyl Stearate,
Lactic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol,
Allantoin, Lime Flower Extract,
Cetearyl Alcohol,
Microcrystalline Cellulose,
Potassium Sorbate, Sodium
Benzoate And Citric Acid.
Directions: Apply morning and
night with moistened
fingertips.*
*Test for sensitivity before
beginning treatment: test
behind ear.
For all skin types.
No Animal Ingredients
No Animal Testing
Vitamin K Creme Plus
• Vitamin K Creme Plus is
an intense skin
nourishing creme that
uses a horse chestnut,
calendula and
bioflavonoids. Regular
use of this will help tone
down redness, minimize
the appearance of broken
blood vessels, heal
bruises faster, relieve
pain from burns, lighten
under eye circles and
moisturize extremely dry
skin
Calcipotriene cream contains vitamin D analog and is either used for
treatment separately or along with other topical medications, but its overuse
may cause other complications
Stridex Single-Step Acne Control Essential with Vitamins Alcohol Free
• Salicylic Acid 1% W/W
Acne Medication
• Effective Acne Control
and Healthy Skin
• Moderate Keratolytic
Action Helps Unclog
Pores
• Effective Cleansing
System Removes Dirt &
Oil
• Contains Vitamins C & E
to Promote Healthy Skin
Vitacreme B12
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Vitacreme B12 penetrates up to the
dermo-epidermal junction thanks to its
liposomic agents where it reactivates
the growth of germinal cells (deep
layer of the epidermis) and promotes
the formation of elastin and collagen
fibres.
Vitacreme B12 allows to reprogram
the hydration process in dry skins.
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Vitacreme B12 is efficient in the
treatment of breaks, cement disease
and helps bedridden patients suffering
from bedsores.
Vitacreme B12 is ideal to withstand
ageing as it helps regenerate, nourish
and moisturise.
Cellulite Treatment
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Cellulite is a very common problem for many
people, whether overweight or not. It is
caused by a layer of fat cells unevenly
distributed beneath the skin. It causes the
surface of the skin to look dimpled and
bumpy,
Cream
Topical creams are one of the most widely
available and affordable treatments for the
appearance of cellulite. There are many
different types of cellulite treatment creams.
Mostly, these products differ in their mineral
and chemical content. Results will vary
depending on the type of cream you choose.
A particularly effective type of topical cream
is a solution of .3 percent retinol cream,
applied twice daily. Studies have shown that
consistent use of this type of cream can help
to reduce the appearance after six months.
Though the scientific evidence is lacking on
its benefits, topical cream is a very popular
method of treatment because it is the
cheapest and least risky option. Read more
Topical Mineral Cream
Magnesium Oil
Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil
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Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil is
considered the gold standard for rapidly
restoring cellular magnesium levels through
the skin.
A concentrated transdermal magnesium
mineral supplement, our absorbable
magnesium oil contains only raw, ultra pure
magnesium chloride and other trace
minerals drawn from the Ancient Zechstein
Seabed in Northern Europe.
One teaspoon contains approximately 560
mg of elemental magnesium.
Ancient Minerals Magnesium Chloride Oil is:
The #1 most recommended magnesium
oil in the world
Ultra-pure and highly concentrated
Rapidly absorbed into the skin
Easily applied in a convenient spray
Available in an 8 oz (237 ml) spray and 64
oz (1.9 L) professional size
Magnesium Oil
Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil
• Ancient Minerals Magnesium
Gel is:
• A powerful combination of
magnesium and bio-active
aloe vera
• Significant for massage
applications
• Highly therapeutic for
psoriasis, eczema, and other
skin conditions
• Efficient at delivering
extensive topical and
cosmetic benefits
• Available in an 8 oz (237 ml)
spray and 64 oz (1.9 L)
professional size
Magnesium Oil
Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil
• Ancient Minerals Magnesium
Lotion is:
• Ideal for children and
sensitive individuals
• Highly therapeutic for
psoriasis, eczema, and other
skin conditions
• Significant for massage
applications
• Effective at encouraging
healthy skin tissue
• Available in an 8 oz (237 ml)
squeeze bottle
Magnesium Oil
Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil
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Ancient Minerals Magnesium
Chloride Flakes are:
Ideal for children and other
sensitive individuals
Effective for stress relief and
relaxation
Great for soaking achy muscles
and joints
Highly therapeutic for psoriasis,
eczema, and other skin
conditions
Able to deliver extensive topical
and cosmetic benefits
Available in a 1.65 lb (.75 kg),
6.5 lb (3 kg) and 32 lb (14.5 kg)
professional size
Jason Pure Natural Muscle Pain Therapy Cooling Minerals and Tea Tree
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Humans have been using the skin as a
direct pathway into the body for centuries,
and only recently have we begun to
understand the science behind it.
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Many people are familiar with the healing
properties of saunas, used quite often for
detox and general well-being. Saunas are
the closest modern equivalent to the ancient
practice of “balneology”, a healing method
that can be traced to antiquity.
Ancient treatments in fact involved a variety
of transdermal therapies ranging from
mineral baths, to herbal compresses, to mud
packs,to be buried in sand, to steam and
sweat lodges. These topical remedies were
not limited to one culture, but were a part of
many of the documented societies spread
throughout the world.
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Ancient Roman Bath in Bath, England
Chemical Peels
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The main advantage of chemical peels lies in the fact that they can be tailored for use according to the needs of the patient and can be used synergistically with other inoffice procedures and topical creams to achieve synergistic effects.
Chemical peels for treating melasma may be superficial or medium depth peels.
Alpha and beta hydroxy peels like glycolic, salicylic, Jessner's, TCA, azelaic acid peels have been studied extensively for their therapeutic benefits in resistant melasma.
Deeper peels are generally not used for melasma as they are associated with complications e.g. hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, scarring, keloid formation,
secondary infection, allergic reaction, acneiform eruption, persistent erythema, milia formation and improper healing. The newer peels are being reviewed for their use in
resistant cases of melasma.
Epidermal melasma were treated with 92% (full strength) lactic acid as a peeling agent. Lactic acid peels have also been compared with Jessner's as therapeutic modality
No statistically significant difference in pigmentation between the 2 sides. [Thus, lactic acid can be a safe, effective and less costly peeling alternative for melasma.
Pyruvic acid: It is a naturally-derived alpha keto acid, formulated in hydroethanolic vehicle, used in concentration of 40% - 70% as a superficial peeling agen. It appeared
to be well tolerated when assessed clinically and by noninvasive methods. Further studies would be required with this chemical peel in dark skinned subjects.
Tretinoin peels: 1% tretinoin and 70% glycolic acid peels were applied .The patients were assessed by MASI scoring. The difference between the 2 sides was not
significant. Both the peels were well-tolerated.
Another new peeling agent is acidified amino acid peels, which are carboxylated acidic amino acids, created by dissolution and acidification of natural amino acids due to
their potent antioxidants, tyrosinase inhibitory and exfoliant action and are, therefore, effective against melasma. As they have an alkaline pH (close to physiological pH),
they are well-tolerated, especially in patients with dry and sensitive skin. They also offer hydration benefits by virtue of their amino acid group and are well-tolerated by
patients.
Another potential peeling agent, which has been successfully tried in post-acne hyperpigmentation and can be used for melasma in future, is mandelic acid, an aromatic
alpha hydroxy acid. Chemically, it is alpha hydroxy benzene acetic acid. It is extracted from bitter almonds and has an advantage of causing less irritation as its large
molecular weight causes slow penetration into the skin. It is available in algae extract gel or lotion base in concentration of 2% - 10% in isolation and also in combination
with other topical vitamins C and E. It was applied as peeling agent in concentration of 30% - 50% weekly or biweekly and used as a face wash (2%) in patients with
melasma. There was significant sustained effect even in dermal melasma, and no post peel hyperpigmentation was recorded. Its advantage lies in its synergistic effects
with lasers and lesser side effects like erythema, crusting thus ensuring better compliance.
Chemical peels have been used alone as well as in combination with lasers and topical therapy to achieve desired synergistic effects in a shorter duration of time even in
resistant cases. The peels have also been used in combination with topical ascorbic acid and triple combination in dark-skinned patients to achieve better results and
patient satisfaction.
Benefits of topical minerals
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Calcium
Everyone knows that high levels of calcium are important for stronger bones, but did you know that Calcium is also an important component in your skin? Calcium helps
keep your skin young, and a Calcium deficiency in your skin can lead to dryness, itching, premature wrinkles, and even cancer. Furthermore, your body will try to
compensate for this deficiency by borrowing Calcium from your bones, making your skeleton weaker. In addition, calcium has an anti-oxidant effect AND protects your
skin's collagen and elastin producing properties, keeping your skin fresh and young.
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Magnesium
Magnesium has many benefits, including helping with easing stiff muscles, chronic skin problems, helps treat skin problems caused by allergic reactions, aids in hydrating
dry or inflamed skin, relieves stress , and helps cleanse the body of heavy metals that accumulate, such as lead, aluminum, cadmium, and mercury. Furthermore, due to
its mildly laxative nature, the body does not absorb Magnesium orally as easily as it does topically.
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Potassium
Potassium has a few important benefits, namely maintaining a healthy immune system. Your body can suffer from Potassium deficiencies after a prolonged illness, or after
you have diarrhea or prolonged vomiting. Potassium can commonly be found in fruits,
Sodium (primarily in the form of sea salt) has several important topical functions, including exfoliating your skin, improving circulation, easing stiff muscles, and clearing up
uneven skin tones.
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Selenium
One of the lesser known minerals, Selenium is a trace element in soil that is essential to good health. Selenium serves as an anti-oxidant and fights free radicals. In
addition, when taken with Vitamin C and E, it helps fight against Cancer, heart disease, viral infections, and aging. In addition, studies have shown that it may slow the
progression of HIV/AIDS.
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Copper
Copper is an essential mineral that is useful in fighting wrinkles by stimulating the production of Collagen and Elastin, assists in oxygenating the skin, helps your skin
retain moisture, and increases the speed that your skin heals from wounds.
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Phosphorous
Phosphorous is essential in the creation of strong bones. In addition, it aids your kidneys filter toxins, increases reproductive health, improves digestion, and improves
your body's regulation of energy. Phosphorous is a common element is everything that you eat, so supplements are generally not needed.
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Aluminum
Aluminum is a very common element found in nature. It is non-toxic and does not cause any health problems, but offers almost no benefits, either. It is just there.
Zinc
First and foremost, dietary Zinc and topical Zinc are not interchangeable, so a Zinc-rich diet will not give the same benefits as applying Zinc topically. Topical Zinc aids in
cell development, in wound healing, sun protection, and the treatment of rashes and other topical skin problems.
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Chromium
Chromium is a trace mineral that is used to alleviate high blood pressure and hypertension. It has also been shown to help improve muscle tone.
Bromide
Bromide is used by your White Blood Cells to help fight multi-cellular parasites. In addition, it helps fight germs when applied directly to the skin.
Iron
Iron is an essential element for life. You cannot live without it.
Botanical skincare
Botanical skincare
• Ingredient
• Purified Water, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Butyrospermum Parkii
(Shea) Butter, Vegetable Glycerine, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate,
White Peony Tea Extract, Green Tea Extract, Calendula Extract,
PEG-7 Olivate, Allantoin, Fragrance, Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl
Urea, Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate
Botanical skincare
Detox Body Cream
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THIS INTENSIVE BODY CARE HAS
BOTH SLIMMING AND FIRMING
PROPERTIES. THE BOTANICAL
INGREDIENTS IT CONTAINS
PROMOTE FAT METABOLISM AND
TISSUE CLEANSING. THE BODY
SHAPE APPEARS TO BE IMPROVED
AND THE SKIN BECOMES
SMOOTHER AND FIRMER. THIS
LIGHT CREAM IS QUICKLY
ABSORBED BY THE SKIN. THE
INTENSIVE MOISTURIZERS AND
INVIGORATING ESSENTIAL OILS
LEAVE THE SKIN FEELING VERY
FRESH AND SILKY SOFT.
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: COCOA
BEAN EXTRACT, OMES
OFFICINALES MUSHROOM,
ESSENTIAL OIL OF MINT AND
PEPPERMINT, RED ALGA
Aloa Vera moisturizing cream
• This delicate cream, rich in Aloe Vera, is
blended with natural oils and herbs
to soften your skin and keep it lovely,
smooth and glowing. pH balanced. *
THESE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN
EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG
ADMINISTRATION. THIS PRODUCT IS
NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT,
CURE, OR PREVENT ANY DISEASE
Arbutin
Collagen Moisturizing Cream
• Collagen Moisturizing
Cream uses highly
purified collagen in its
native 3-D form as the
base of a formula
containing natural
moisturizers such as
jojoba oil and a skin lipid
extract.
• This formula has a high
water binding potential
and can be easily
absorbed by the skin to
facilitate hydration
• active ingredients:
copper, iron, manganese,
magnesium, amino acids,
ceramides, olive oil,
green tea, vitamin E,
wheat germ, lemon,
rosemary, myrrh, borage
seed oil, pine cone
extract, cholesterol,
horsetail, vitamin A,
Chronocylin®.
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Re-mineralizes, proven co-factor in the production
of collagen and elastin, fights appearance of
wrinkles, hydrates, improves tone and texture.
Topical therapies for melasma-plant and non-plant
derivatives
IJDVL 78 : 417, 2O12
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Hair Regrowth Injections : mesotherapy
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Botox Injections
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Botox for Hyperhidrosis
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Liposuction does not permanently remove fat
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Hair Transplant
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Sclerotherapy
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• HAND REJUVENATION : sclerotherapy
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Dermabrasion Peeling Machine
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
• Intralesional corticosteroid
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Dermajet
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
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intralesional injection of hyertrophic scar by corticosteroid
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
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Ten months later, after nine injections of intralesional bleomycin, the left visual axis is
completely cleared and all treated areas show marked improvement
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
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After five intralesional bleomycin injections, the right visual axis has been cleared
completely and regression of the remaining tumor has commenced
Potential clinical applications of nanoparticles in radiation oncology. This cartoon outlines some of the
many ways in which nanoparticles can improve radiation therapy, namely thermoradiotherapy,
radioimmunotherapy, radiation dose enhancement, delivery of payloads of drug/imaging
agent/oligonucleotides to enhance radiotherapy efficacy or image-guidance, and boron neutron
capture therapy. NIR, near infrared; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
Part II.
Principal strategies for optimizing skin penetration
Various colloidal carriers employed
during topical delivery of drugs
List of drugs (topical) encapsulated in various carrier systems[25-64]
Carriers for topical and transdermal drug delivery
Lipid particulate drug delivery systems
Topical drug delivery system
Interaction of phospholipid with water
A model liposome nanoparticle for drug delivery
Various mechanisms of penetration of drug-loaded liposomes across skin
IJDVL 76: 612, 2O1O
Effects of carrier systems on the stratum corneum water content and on
the penetration of active ingredients
Basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed
through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the
formation of bubbles caused by cavitation
Basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed
through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the
formation of bubbles caused by cavitation
Basic principle of iontophoresis. A current passed between the active electrode
and the indifferent electrode repelling drug away from the active electrode and
into the skin.
Basic principle of electroporation. Short pulses of high voltage current
are applied to the skin producing hydrophilic pores in the intercellular
bilayers via momentary realignment of lipids.
Novel Drug Delivery Systems
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The topical route has been adjudged as one of the most relevant to treat
dermatological disorders more effectively. In contrast to the conventional formulations
based on creams and ointments, these novel dermatological systems are different in
their composition and constructs including their exterior and interior design. Various
pharmaceutical and dermatological variables influence the choice of the system as
per the demand of the drug and disease. Phospholipids represent a special class of
surfactants with two long fatty acid chains (lipid region) and a bulky polar head
(hydrophilic region) linked with phosphor-group on glycerol as the backbone. The
unique structural features allow phospholipids to interact with water to form wellorganized supra-structures like liposomes. The variation in composition and methods
influences the nature of such self-assembled supra-structures in terms of their shape,
design, size, and surface properties. This leads to different classes of carriers, viz.
liposomes, transfersomes, micro and nanoemulsions, niosomes, dendrimers
invasomes solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs),and nano lipid carriers (NLCs) . These
carrier systems provide the entrapment opportunities to the drug molecules within
their interior locations as per their fitment of steric and physicochemical properties.
Association of drugs with carriers is normally noncovalent, based on collective
strength of weak binding forces. Many newer carriers are evolving with the advent of
technology and the demand of targeted delivery like ethosomes, emulsomes,
magnetic nanoparticles, resealed erythrosomes and bilosomes.
Topical Liposome cream
Moisturizing Body Cream
• Moisturizing and filmogenic
body cream with hyperthermal mineral water
liposomes (sulfur-sulfatebicarbonate-alkaline).
Cosmetic uses
Beneficial in the cosmetic
treatment of dry and
dehydrated skin. Particularly
effective in restoring the
hydrolipidic film and in treating
skin atrophy.
Liquid Minerals
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The look is moist and light. The
feel is like a second skin. A lightreflecting, mineral foundation in a
special liquid formulation. The
beads are actually liposomes
entrapping liposomes. This stateof-the-art technology enables us
to encapsulate large amounts of
active ingredients, which are then
time-released into the skin. The
spheres are suspended in a gel of
aloe vera and vegetable glycerin.
Makeup and skin care in one
bottle!
• Diminishes fine lines and
wrinkles
• Minimizes pores and evens skin
tone
• Provides lightweight, comfortable
coverage
Hand cream
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A formula of essential oils and Dead Sea
Minerals uniquely combined with liposomes
to prevent roughness and cracking while
nourishing and protecting your hands and
nails for healthy-looking and beautiful hands.
Each pure essential oil has its own
therapeutic properties. Now uniquely
combined with Dead Sea Minerals and
Liposomes, it creates a very high
performance cream. Contains natural UVA
& UVB sunscreen protection.
Application : Spread on hands and massage
gently.
Ingredients : Deinoized Water (Aqua),
Cyclomethicone (and) Dimethiconol,
Emulsifying Wax, Cetearyl Alcohol,
Cyclomethicone/Dimethicone, Stearic Acid,
Liposome Complex – Aloe Barbadensis
Extract & Lecithin, Dead Sea Minerals, Mud
& Water (Sea Silt and Aqua), DMDM
Hydantoin & Iodo Propynyl Butyl Carbamate,
Triethanolamine, Fragrance (Parfum).
Almond Soothing Liposomes Cream
with Aloe Vera
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Cream with Liposomes is a very
light textured cream between a gel
and an emulsion. It is able to
penetrate into the epidermis. All of
the active ingredients of this
emulsion are extracted from
plants.
Sweet Almond Oil is rich in fatty
acids and proteins to nourish the
skin. Aloa vera stimulates the
healing process, injured and
stressed skin is soothed. Ginkgo
Biloba neutralizes free radicals,
one of the causes of aging. It also
improves capillary blood flow and
strengthens tissues.
Liposome Cream
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Deionized Water, Glyceryl Stearate SE, Glycerine USP,
Phospholipids and (Super Oxide Dismutase, Sodium
Hylauronate, Retinyl Palmitate USP), Hybrid Sunflower Seed
Oil, Squalane (from olives), Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol,
Mineral Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol, Ceteareth-20, Stearic Acid,
Sodium PCA, D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate USP, Dimethicone,
Wheat Germ Oil, Extracts of Hops, Rosemary, Horsetail, Pine
and Lemon, Aloe Vera Gel, Sorbitan Stearate, PPG 15-Stearyl
Ether, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Disodium
EDTA USP, Triethanolamine, Citric Acid USP, Propylene
Glycol USP, Diazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben, Propylparaben.
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Elastin Cream with Liposome
Anti-Aging Cream!
Not tested on animals
Intensive Care Liposome Cream
For dry skin
With organic Wild Rose and organic Avocado oil
LIPOSOME HAIR COLOR
• Liposome Hair Color
formula Intel B5 based on
Cream/Gel concept and a
Controlled Release of
Active Ingredients.
Enriched with Liposomes,
Panthenol, Creatin, Guar
Gum and Higly
Expanding Factor
Pigments
NeoCell Collagen+C™ Liposome Serum
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NeoCell Collagen TM Liposome Serum is a skin defense serum that
rejuvenates the skin with a potent topical antioxidant, guarding against sun
and wind to minimize dry skin and wrinkles. It contains fat-soluble Vitamin C
and Vitamin E as well as phospholipids (naturally contain essential
polyunsaturated fatty acids), all in a time-release stable liposome form.
Collagen TM Liposome Serum enhances the skin's firmness, elasticity, and
moisture.
NeoCell Collagen+C™ Liposome Serum utilises micro-sphere liposome
technology to deliver time-released fat-soluble Vitamin C (as Ascorbyl
Palmitate) deep into the skin where it boosts the natural production and
maintenance of collagen
DIRECTIONS:
Once or twice daily, gently smooth a few drops of Collagen+C™ Liposome
Serum on clean, dry skin over face and neck. AVOID EYE CONTACT.
INGREDIENTS:
• Purified Water
• Phospholipids
• Tocopheryl Acetate (also known as dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin E)
• Ascorbyl Palmitate (fat-soluble Vitamin C)
• Soluble Collagen
• Acrillymide/ Sodium Acryloydmethylaurate Copolymer Isohexadecane
• Isohexadine
• Polysorbate-80
• Butylene Glycol
• Xanthan Gum
• Tyrosine
• Proline
• Cysteine
• Zinc Chloride
• Phenoxyethanol
• Methylparaben
• Ethylparaben
• Potassium Sorbate
• Propylparaben
• Butylparaben
Lipo CTM - Liposome-encapsulated Active Vitamin C with Vitamin E, CoQ10 and Zinc
Contains L-ascorbic acid - the only know form of vitamin C that the body can recognize and utilize for collagen
production
Types of niosomes
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Niosomes are microscopic lamellar structures composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. The niosomes
have amphiphillic bilayer structure in a way that polar region is oriented outside and inside the vesicles where the
hydrophilic drug will be entrapped and non-polar region is formed within the bilayer where hydrophobic drug can
be entrapped The formation of vesicular system based on hydration of mixture of a single-alkyl chain nonionic
surfactant and cholesterol was firstly reported in 1979. Niosomes might be produced by various types of nonionic
surfactants including polyglycerol alkyl ethers, crown ethers, ester-linked surfactants, glucosyldialkyl ethers,
polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers,).
2.1. Types of niosomes
2.1.1. Proniosomes
Proniosome is a dry granular product that can be able to form a niosome suspension after hydration .
Proniosomes are developed to overcome the disadvantage of vesicular system..
Carrier + surfactant = Proniosomes
Proniosomes + water = Niosomes
2.1.2. Aspasomes
Mixture of acorbyl palmitate, cholesterol and highly charged lipid diacetyl phosphate leads to the construction of
vesicles named aspasomes. Aspasomes are first hydrated with water/aqueous solution and then sonicated to
attain the niosomes. Aspasomes are suggested to improve the transdermal permeation of drugs.
2.1.3. Vesicles in water and oil system (v/w/o)
In this system suspension of aqueous niosomes (v/w) are emulsified into the oily phase at 60°C to form vesicle in
water in oil emulsion (v/w/o) . Cooling to room temperature forms vesicle in water in oil gel (v/w/o gel). 2.1.4.
Deformable niosomes
Elastic niosomes are prepared of nonionic surfactants, ethanol and water. They show superior to conventional
niosomes due to their capability to increase penetration efficiency of a compound through intact skin by passing
through pores in the stratum corneum, which are smaller than the vesicles . The flexibility of their structure allows
them to pass through pores that are less than one-tenth of these vesicles.
Mechanism of skin permeation of deformable niosome
Structure of nanodispersed vehicle systems
Part III.
Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: A Revolution in Dosage
Form Design and Development
• Rapid advances in the ability to produce nanoparticles of
uniform size, shape, and composition have started a
revolution in science. The development of lipid-based
drug carriers has attracted increased attention over the
last decade. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g. solid lipid
nanoparticles, SLNs) are at the forefront of the rapidly
developing field of nanotechnology with several potential
applications in drug delivery, clinical medicine and
research, as well as in other varied sciences. Due to
their size‐dependent properties, lipid nanoparticles offer
the possibility to develop new therapeutics that could be
used for secondary and tertiary level of drug targeting.
Hence, lipid nanoparticles hold great promise for
reaching the goal of controlled and site specific drug
delivery and has attracted wide attention of researchers.
The nanotechnology includes:
Coated nanoparticles
Pegylated nanoparticles
Solid Lipid nanoparticles (SLN)
Nanogels
Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems
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PHARMACEUTICAL CARRIERS
Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems
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Polymeric Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Metallic Nanoparticles
Micelles
Carbon Nanotubes
Drug Delivery (synthesis and applications
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Polymeric nanoparticle Liposome
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Micell
metalic nanoparticle
Carbon nanotube
Common skin barrier problems in psoriasis
IJDVL 76 :612, 2O1O
Can we stop piercing our skin !!!
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Today, cosmetic formulation contains nano-sized structures & used the progress in
nanotechnology in medicine. Vitamins , mineral & botanical ingredients. They form
the future opportunities & challenges of the nonoparicles & nanomediocine.
Nanoemulsions are commonly used in certain cosmetic products such as
conditioners or lotions. Many modern cosmetic or sunscreen products contain nanosized components . Nanoemulsions are transparent and have unique tactile and
texture properties; nanocapsule, nanosome, noisome, or liposome formulations
contain small vesicles (range: 50-5000 nm) consisting of traditional cosmetic
materials that protect light- or oxygen-sensitive cosmetic ingredients. Transversal
delivery and cosmetic research suggests that vesicle materials may penetrate the
stratum corneum (SC) of the human skin, but not into living skin.
The first generation of lipid nanoparticles was introduced as solid lipid nanoparticles
(SLN) and the second, improved generation as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC).
Identical to the liposomes, the lipid nanoparticles appeared as products first on the
cosmetic market.
Due to the lower risk of systemic side effects, topical treatment of skin disease
appears favorable, yet the SC counteracts the penetration of xenobiotics into viable
skin.
Summary of the various types of NPs currently being
studied for their use as vaccine carriers
The Secrets Anti-aging
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There are several main ingredients which
make Bellaplex an effective product. The
first is Matrixyl 3000. This special blend
helps increase the skins natural collagen
production which is lost with age. Users
have seen up to 44% decrease in deep
wrinkles and dramatic changes in their skin
tone and complexion. The second key
ingredient in the Bellaplex trial offer is
Argireline. This amino acid combination is
specially formulated to decrease surface
wrinkles. Users will see life-changing results
within two weeks of use. The ability of
Argireline and Matrixyl 3000 to decrease
wrinkles quickly is one of the reasons why
this popular product is considered an
alternative to Botox injections. Finally,
Bellaplex also contains Hyaluronic acid
which naturally hydrates the skin resulting in
smoothness and has the ability to combat
future wrinkles.
•
Bellaplex Trial Scam Ingredients
“Liposome" technology for skin care
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Scientific studies demonstrate that it is
now possible to apply topical
preparations to one's skin and achieve
noticeable anti-aging effects. The
cosmetic industry has been racing to
develop therapeutic skin care treatments
that can clinically demonstrate results.
The first step in resolving this problem is
to encase the active ingredients so that
they can be absorbed through the top
layer into the lower layers of the skin
where they are most active. The second
obstacle to overcome is designing a
delayed release system so that the active
ingredients can be released over an
extended amount of time. After all, most
people are only going to apply a face
cream once a day. Skin cells, on the other
hand, require the continuous presence of
active ingredients to optimally protect
against ultraviolet and environmentally
induced damage
•
Your topical products benefit by utilizing
liposomes when compared to "free actives"
incorporated into conventional vehicles
(ointments, creams, gels and lotions
Overview of historical development of dermal nanocarrier systems – from nanoemulsions
to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) (explanation cf.
text).
• Effects of lipid nanoparticles
(LN) on the skin: LN adhere,
form a f lm on the skin (upper),
which protects against hazards
from the environment and
increases dermal penetration
of actives
• Incorporation of molecular
sunscreens into NLC
increases their UV absorption
capacity, in addition UV is
scattered by NLC particles (=
synergistic effect, upper), TiO2
nanoparticles can be f rmly
enclosed in larger NLC
eliminating skin penetration
and also increasing the UV
scattering effect (lower).
•
IR radiation penetrates skin deeply leading to formation of aging-promoting
ROS (left). Compared to antioxidants in a cream, antioxidants from NLC
penetrate better and can block more eff ciently the oxidative stress cascade
(right)
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Irritated inf amed skin with
microscratches and bacterial
colonization (upper), antibacterial
effect of silver ions released from
microsilver (middle) and
restoration of skin barrier by
adsorbing highly adhesive NLC f
lm (lower).
• Mechanism of NLC in atopic
dermatitis (AD): Positive silver
ions adsorb on the negatively
charged NLC forming the
sNLC complex (upper), the
sNLC adsorb on bacteria
killing them (e.g. S. aureus),
and form a silver coated f lm
on the skin normalizing the
distorted skin barrier and
preventing renewed bacterial
colonization (lower).
• Primarily localization of the active molecule (green) in the outer
nanoparticle shell leads to fast release (left), distribution throughout
the particle matrix to sustained/prolonged release (middle), and
enrichment in the lipid nanoparticle core to delayed/minimized
release (e.g. desired for sunscreens).
Nanotechnology in dermatology
•
. Many modern cosmetic or sunscreen products contain nanosized components . Nanoemulsions are transparent and have
unique tactile and texture properties; nanocapsule, nanosome,
noisome, or liposome formulations contain small vesicles
(range: 50-5000 nm) consisting of traditional cosmetic
materials that protect light- or oxygen-sensitive ingredients. .
Modern sunscreens contain insoluble titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )
or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NP), which are colorless
and reflect/scatter ultraviolet (UV) more efficiently than larger
particles.
•
Due to the lower risk of systemic side effects, topical treatment
of skin disease appears favorable, yet the SC counteracts the
penetration of xenobiotics into viable skin.
With advances in nanotechnology, pure silver has been
recently engineered into nanometer-sized particles (diameter
<100 nm) for use in the treatment of wounds. it was
demonstrated that the topical application of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) can promote wound healing through
the modulation of cytokines. Nonetheless, the question as to
whether AgNPs can affect various skin cell types keratinocytes and fibroblasts - during the wound-healing
process still remains.]
Skin can be exposed to solid nanoscale particles through
either intentional or non-intentional means. Intentional dermal
exposure to nanoscale materials may include the application
of lotions or creams containing nanoscale TiO 2 or ZnO as a
sunscreen component or fibrous materials coated with
nanoscale substances for water- or stain-repellent properties.
Nano Silver Antibacterial Cosmetics Make-up
Melanoma-containing human skin and possible mechanism of
nanoparticle transport by paracellular, transfollicular and intracellular
routes (left to right).
The two main types of polymeric nanoparticles known as nanosphere
(matrix system) and nanocapsule (reservoir system) with different drugloading modalities.
Liposome and its different drug-loading and surface functionalization modalities.
Dendrimer and its different drug-loading modalities.
Cubosome exhibiting its cavernous internal and cubic structure and its membrane
composition with different drug-loading modalities.
Polymersome (polymer vesicle) exhibiting a polymeric shell and
different drug-loading possibilities
Nanotechnology in Dermatology
An. Bras. Derm 89: no 1, 2O14
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Consumer products:
@ photoprotectors
There is a current increase in the use of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) in photoprotector products.These
nanoparticles promote less skin whitening than inorganic composition sun filters, generating more effective products in relation to the
capacity to disperse, absorb, and reflect UV radiation as well as being more aesthetically elegant..
@ Innovations in cosmetics
Nanomaterials and nanobiotechnology have the potential to radically change the way cosmetics and medicines provide their benefits. But
nanoparticles are specifically used to encapsulate a vast range of substances beneficial to skin. In this way nanovesicles, characterised
as a delivery system, in addition to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), are being developed for both
pharmaceutical and cosmetic use.
Chitin nanofibrils are made from a natural polysaccharide obtained from crustacean shells after carbonate and protein removal. It is easily
metabolised by endogenous body enzymes, and as well as possessing eco and bio compatible characteristics, can be used with
safety. These nanofibrils activate keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, and regulate collagen synthesis and cytokine and macrophage
secretion.There is interesting evidence in relation to their capacity to not just act on the appearance of photoaged skin, but also to
promote wound healing reducing hypertrophic scars
@. Treatment of inflammatory disorders
In diseases where the barrier function of the skin against irritants is prejudiced, such as in atopic dermatitis, emulsions with active
ingredients are currently used to imprison or transform allergens. Nanoparticles can be used to more evenly distribute these substances,
as for example in antioxidant carriers, protecting the skin from doxorubicin excretion by sweat glands. Similarly nanoparticle barrier
creams are more effective than high lipid content moisturisers in protecting the skin against water loss and minimising the potential threat
of contact dermatitis on the hands, also demonstrating better occlusive results and action against antioxidants.
Corticoids, which have many applications in dermatology, are also associated with nanoparticles. Association with liposomal formulations
minimise some known steroid side effects, such as cutaneous atrophy, which limits chronic use. Podophylotoxin encapsulated in SLN has
similar effects to steroids in treating genital warts. Promising results have been seen with liposomal T cell inhibitor, Cyclosporine A, and
Tachrolimus formulations. Besides, nanoparticles provide higher tolerability, improved safety, and excellent effects. Methotrexate,
Psoralens, Dibranol, Clotrimazol, and other antifungal drugs have had excellent results.
d. Antisepsis and asepsis
Antisepsis is another big area for nanoparticle operation.
Nanotechnology in Dermatology
An. Bras. Derm 89: no 1, 2O14
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@ Phototherapy
Photothermal Therapy (PTT) has used agitated gold nanoparticles to inhibit tumour growth in rats with squamous
cell carcinoma. This effect also causes less surrounding tissue damage, making the remedial treatments viable.It
is attained by conjugating nanoparticles to monoclonal antibodies or other ligands such as hormones, an active
segmentation of malignant cell populations.
There is another promising treatment strategy for skin cancer and other cutaneous diseases; however its use is
limited due to cost, patient adhesion, and mainly pain. It is based on the principle of optical activation of a
photosensitive agent and subsequent conversion of local tissue oxygen into in various radicals harmful to
tissue.The use of nanoparticles as passive carriers for photosensitive substances or as active participants has
renewed interest in photodynamic treatment applications.
@ Treatment of sebaceous gland diseases
A big advantage of these delivery systems is improved tolerability to irritation caused by retinoids. This improves
patient treatment compliance as well as presenting systemic effects from substance absorption. Encapsulation
design techniques are currently being studied to improve the therapeutic index of retinoid formulations.
@Treatment of scalp diseases
As they increase drug penetration in hair follicle openings, particle delivery systems for drugs are shown to be a
key point in treating hair disorders, as well as acting as a deposit for sustained release of the drug contained within
them. It is therefore believed that nanoparticle formulations are more suitable than aqueous solutions and alcohol
used until now for treating heir disorders such as androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. In effect, hair growth
ingredients encapsulated in particles showed 2.0 to 2.5 times longer permanence in hair follicle regions than
aqueous control solutions. Hinokitiol encapsulated in the same particles substantially strengthened the transition of
hair follicles from the telogen to anagen phase than a simple solution of the same substance.Encapsulation of
Minoxidil in 40-130 nm polyethylene glycol nanoparticles improved its permanence in the hair follicle region. Taking
advantage of the preferential penetration for particle based systems of drug delivery in the hair follicle
canal, Another well-established drug for treating alopecia is Finasteride. When carried in liposomes, delivery is
more effective and local, and is an alternative to oral administration of the drug.
Nanoparticle delivery systems for drugs show great success in treating alopecia areata, seeing that treatment of
this autoimmune disease of the hair follicle is still a great challenge and its frequent failure can be frustrating to
patients and doctors alike. The incorporation of immunomodulation agents into nanoparticles or nanoparticle
delivery systems could replace the oral administration of drugs with serious side effects by more selective and
effective topical treatments.
Nanotechnology in Dermatology
An. Bras. Derm 89: no 1, 2O14
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@ Nanobiotechnology in combating cancer
Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most fruitful areas in cancer treatment and is considered a promising
method for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. One example is the case of B cell
lymphoma. These cells present the CD20 epitope on their surface. Rituximab, used in target-driven therapy, is an
antibody with anti-CD20 activity, acting on cells which express this protein on their membrane by activating
immunological reactions which cause cell lysis. Therefore their introduction into conventional chemotherapy
schemes considerably increases the chances of cure.
Melanoma treatment is mainly dependent on disease phase. Identification of specific proteins, development of
new agents, improvements in therapeutic schemes, and effective delivery of agents into tumour cells are the
directions for developing a specific more effective strategy in delivering melanoma treatment. In relation to agent
delivery, it searches for ways of increasing drug concentrations in tumours with minimal side effects and low
effective doses. Nanotechnology provides an approach to encapsulate these agents that drive improvements in
circulation time, tumour absorption, not compromising the reticuloendothelial system, and minimising toxicity.
Liposomes in particular are a promising nanotechnology for effective agent delivery in melanoma treatment.
Liposomes can deliver chemotherapies, siRNA, asODNs, DNA, and radioactive particles
.
NANODIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis by image is characterised by using contrasts in Magnetic Resonance. Particles such as gold, silver,
gadolinium, iron oxide, are used for this function. Diagnostic agents associated to carrier particles for specific
ligands to determine tumour cells, are more diffused in primary or secondary tumour tissue, which facilitates their
visualisation in images and consequently topographical location and early diagnosis
New diagnostic applications test different nanoparticles due to many advantages, such as higher sensitivity of
permissible detection methods to perform analysis on small quantities of tissue samples. An elevated specificity is
attained when conjugated with monoclonal antibodies. In cases of malignant neoplasia, nanotechnology is of great
value in both diagnosis and treatment. Different particles such as iron oxide and carbon, silica, and gold nanotubes
generate improved treatment response in different tumours.In a rough way, these particles act as carriers, ligands,
or boosters for chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate, doxorrubicin, as genetic materials such as si-RNA, and
others, with the intent to improve specificity, drug liberation time, posology, and the efficacy of cancer treatment.
When a nanoparticle simultaneously carries therapeutic image diagnostic agents to a specific determined target,
this is called a Theranostics
Nanoparticle simultaneously containing a therapeutic and a diagnostic
element - called a TheranosticSource: Ahmed N et al, 2012.102
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Nanotechnology has a crucial role in cancer treatment in relation to the use of
different nanocarriers such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes,
polymer-drug conjugates and other nanoparticles. These can act to protect a drug
from early reticuloendothelial system degradation. It also allows higher drug serum
concentrations to be carried through biological barriers, increasing drug availability in
the intracellular compartment and consequently reducing toxicity and other
associated side effects
The future
•
The biological activity of certain nanomaterials, micro and
nanoparticles are being widely investigated as carriers or drug
delivery systems. Their variable shape, functioning size, and load
capacity give drug delivery systems new pharmacological
properties, such as special route internalization, selectivity,
segmentation, and slow release. As nanomaterials represent a large
group of variable physical and chemical substances, specific
toxicological studies are needed for each product prior to
commercialization. There is still no established safety standard for
human use. There are various limitations on the use of
nanotechnology, for instance toxicity, tissue deposition, and longterm oncological potential. It is therefore necessary to better
understand the potential of these new materials in a way that the
potential negative effects of their chemistry on human health and the
environment can be minimized or avoided.
Drug delivery