Transcript File - Block Social Studies

Chapter 17
The First World War
The International Anarchy
Rival Alliances – Triple Alliance
versus Triple Entente
• A “Place in the Sun”
• Expansion of Germany’s wealth, industry, and population after 1870
• Germany called for its “place in the sun”
• French – growing grievances after 1870
• British – feared competition for markets and colonies
Rival Alliances – Triple Alliance
versus Triple Entente
• The Triple Alliance
• 1871-1890 – Bismarck followed policy of peace
• Goal – isolate France, keep it interested in colonies, cause problems
with Britain
• Triple Alliance
• Germany joined with Austria in 1879, and Italy by 1882
• “Reinsurance Treaty” with Russia
Rival Alliances – Triple Alliance
versus Triple Entente
• “Splendid Isolation”
• Britain followed self-proclaimed “splendid isolation”
• Began reversal
• Shock of international isolation – Boer War
• Building of the German navy
• Germany’s growing expansionism
Rival Alliances – Triple Alliance
versus Triple Entente
• Naval Race
• Alfred Thayer Mahan – The
Influence of Sea Power upon
History, 1660-1783
• Control of the sea was the
key to world dominance
• Germany began a naval race
which Britain
• Dreadnoughts
Anglo-German Industrial
Competition, 1898 and 1913
Rival Alliances – Triple Alliance
versus Triple Entente
• Triple Entente
• 1894 – French alliance with Russia
• French investment for Russian railroads
• 1902 – British alliance with Japan against Russia
• 1904 – Entente Cordiale with France
• 1907 – Anglo-Russian Convention
• The Triple Entente
The Crisis in Morocco and the
Balkans
• Testing the Entente
• 1905 – the first Morocco Crisis
• Resulted in the Algeciras Conference
• 1911 – “Panther” crisis
• Brought British and French closer together
• Germany claimed to seek Moroccan independence
• Real goal – gain additional African colonies
The Crisis in Morocco and the
Balkans
• Crises in the Balkan
• Ottoman Empire in state of dissolution
• Still held Balkan territory with large numbers of minorities
• Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians, and Macedonians
• Landlocked Serbia
• Dispute over Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Ottoman territory
• Occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary
The Crisis in Morocco and the
Balkans
• Ethnic and Religious Divisions
• Yugoslavs
• Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes
• Groups spoke basically the same language, but different religion
• Croats/Slovenes – Roman alphabet, Roman Catholic
• Serbs,/Bosnians – Cyrillic alphabet, Eastern Orthodox
• Bosnia – large number of Muslims
The Crisis in Morocco and the
Balkans
• The First Balkan Crisis
• 1908-1909 – Bosnian Crisis
• Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Serbia prepared for war with Austria
• Backed by Russia
• Germany threatened Russia
• Stand-down or war with Germany
• 1911 – Italian war with the Ottoman Empire
The Balkans
The Crisis in Morocco and the
Balkans
• Two Balkan Wars
• First Balkan War, 1912
• Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece) defeated
the Ottoman Empire
• Second Balkan War, 1913
• Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire defeat Bulgaria
• Serbia annexed parts of Albania
• Blocked by Austria and Germany during the London
Conference
The Sarajevo Crisis and the
Outbreak of War
• The Assassination at Sarajevo
• June 28, 1914 – assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his
wife Sophia
• The Black Hand
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• Considered a moderate
• Angered both the Serbs and the status quo Austrians
The Sarajevo Crisis and the
Outbreak of War
• The German “Blank Check”
• Austria determined to crush Southern Slav movement
• Germany promised the “blank check” of support
• July 14 – Austria decided to sent ultimatum
• July 23 – Austria sent ultimatum to Serbia
• Demands so extreme that Serbia had to reject
• July 28 – Austria declared war on Serbia
• Tried to keep war limited
The Sarajevo Crisis and the
Outbreak of War
• July 28 – Tsar ordered mobilization against Austria
• July 29 – full mobilization of Russia
• August 1 – Germany declared war on Russia
• August 2 – German ultimatum on Belgium
• August 3 – Germany declared war on France
• August 4 –Great Britain declared war on Germany
The Sarajevo Crisis and the
Outbreak of War
• Causes of the First World War
• The Alliance system – divided Europe into two hostile camps
• Germany feared encirclement by Russia and France
• France feared increasing German superiority
• Germany – the internal crisis
• Growing power of the Social Democrats
• Vulnerability of the international economy
• Nations rely on the import of raw materials and food
• Export of goods, services, or capital in return
The Balkans, 1878 and 1914
The Armed Stalemate
• The Schlieffen Plan
• General Alfred von Schlieffen
• 2 front plan
• Minimal amount of troops
deployed against Russia
• Rapid invasion of France
through Belgium
• No partial mobilization possible
• Expectation of a short war
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• The Battle of the Marne
• Germany launched attack with 78 divisions against the Allied
• Russian offensive forced reduced strength
• German army overextended
• Stopped at the Battle of the Marne
• Russians defeated in the East
• Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
• Battle of the Masurian Lake, September 15, 1914
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• War in the Trenches
• East and the whole Western front turned into trench warfare
• Dominated by artillery and the machine gun
• Offensive
• Artillery barrage
• Attack through the no-mans-land
• Men lived and fought for month in trenches between dead bodies, rats,
water and lice
• Shell shock
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• Second year of the war
• Austrians defeated by Russians in Galicia and thrown out of Serbia
• Austrian – German offensive, 1915
• Russians defeated and loose 2.5 million men
• 1915 – Gallipoli Campaign
• Allied attempt to punch through the Dardanelles to supply
Russia
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• Poison Gas
• First used by Germany in 1915 at Ypres
• Chlorine gas
• Later phosgene and mustard gas
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• Tanks
• Introduced by Great Britain in 1916
• Able to cross the rough terrain
• Not effective until 1918
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• Airplanes
• First used as observers
• Mostly fighter planes and light bombers
• Airships
World War I –
the Western Front
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• The Battle of Verdun
• 1916 – both sides tried to break the
deadlock
• German offensive – FebruaryNovember 1916
• Stormtroopers
• Engaged 2 million men
• Casualties
• Germany – 330,000
• France – 350,000
• French defense led by General Pétain
The First World War
The War on Land, 1914-1916
• The Battle of the Somme
• Allied offensive – July-October 1916
• Generalship on an all-time low
• British lost 60,000 men on the first day
• 1 week – advanced 1 mile
• Casualties
• Germany – 500,000
• Great Britain – 400,000
• France – 200,000
The War at Sea
• Naval Blockade
• 1914 – England began Naval blockade
of the German coast
• Germany responded with
submarine blockaded
• U.S. called for “freedom of the seas”
• Neutral countries prevented from
trade with Germany
• 1916 – Battle of Jutland
• Only major sea battle of the war
The War at Sea
• Submarine Warfare
• Germany began to use submarines
• Declared war zone around Britain in February of 1915
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
The War at Sea
• The Lusitania
• The sinking of the Lusitania, May 1915
• Carried contraband and 1200 passengers
• Fear of U.S. joining the war
• Germany backed down
Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret
Agreements
• Italy Joins the Allies
• Ottoman Empire – rival of Russia, joined Germany
• Bulgaria – anti-Serb, joined the Central Powers
• Italy bargained with both sides
• Promised the Trentino, Trieste, and south Tyrol
• Allies planed to divide the Ottoman Empire
• Russia – Armenia, and the Bosporus
• Britain – Iraq
• France – Syria
Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret
Agreements
• The Zimmermann Telegram
• Germany worked to stir-up nationalism amongst different nationalities
• Poles and Ukrainians in Eastern Europe
• “Holy war” for Muslims
• Irish Republicans
• Zimmerman Note to Mexico
• German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann
• Proposed a German-Mexican alliance
Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret
Agreements
• Disruption in the Ottoman Empire
• Allies stirred up Slavic and Arab hopes for independence
• Lawrence of Arabia
• Lord Balfour – promise of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
• Armenian genocide – 1915-1917
• Armenians removed from homeland
• 600,000 killed
• 500,000 deported – 400,000 died on the march
• “Forgotten genocide”
Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret
Agreements
• Japan in China
• Japanese entered war to gain German colonies in the Pacific and China
• Twenty-One Demands
• Japan turned Manchuria
and North China into
a protectorate
Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret
Agreements
• German Expansionism
• 1914 – September Program
• Bethmann-Hollweg
• East – Lithuanian and the Baltic coast
dependent state
• Large section of Poland directly
annexed
• West – French Lorraine added
• Belgium dependent state
• Colonial adjustment
• German belt throughout central Africa
The September Program would have redrawn the map of Europe
as a German empire
Diplomatic Maneuvers and Secret
Agreements
• A “Peace Without Victory”
• Woodrow Wilson offered mediation in 1916
• Bothe sides rejected compromise
• Re-election slogan – “He kept us out of war”
• Wilson argued neutrality and supported “peace without victory”
• “Fourteen Points”
The Collapse of Russia and
the Intervention of the
United States
The Withdrawal of Russia – Revolution
and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• The Provisional Government
• Tsarist government lost the loyalty of the people
• Troops mutinied in Petrograd, general strikes
• Nicholas II. abdicated
• Formation of a Provisional Government
• Liberal nobles, and middle class intellectuals
• New government continued the unpopular war
The Withdrawal of Russia – Revolution
and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• The Bolsheviks Return From Exile
• Ordinary Russians turned to socialism
• From non-Marxist, to Menshevik, to Bolsheviks
• Germany supported the Bolsheviks
• Allowed Lenin to travel from Switzerland to Petrograd to promote
revolution.
• Bolshevik coup d’etat
• Russian Revolution – November 1917
The Withdrawal of Russia – Revolution
and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• The Treat of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918
• Bolshevik government pulled out of the war
• Appease the people and withdraw from “imperialist war”
• Peace of Brest-Litovsk
• Russia lost most of its western territory
• Baltic coast, Poland, Finland, and the Ukraine
• Germany – treaty ended the two-front war
• Additional supplies from areas in Ukraine
The Withdrawal of Russia – Revolution
and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• American Intervention
• Germany drew strength from Russian collapse
• 1918 – March Offensive
• Gas attacks
• 6,000 artillery pieces
• May 30, 1918 – Germans are 37 miles from Paris
• Only limited amount of American troops in France
• After May – shift in strength
The United States and the War
• America Divided
• Irish-Americans – anti-British
• German-Americans – pro-German
• Since Spanish-American War and the Boer war
• Friendly ties with Britain
• Allied victory advanced democracy, freedom, and progress
• Ideology barrier dropped after Russian revolution
The United States and the War
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Resumed on February 1, 1917
• Germany believed it could force Britain to surrender within 6
month
• January 31, 1917
• Germany informed Wilson
• Broke diplomatic ties with Germany
• Armed freighters
• Zimmermann note
• United States declared war on April 6, 1917
The United States and the War
• “To Make the World Safe for Democracy”
• Submarine losses
• February 1917 – 540,000 tons
• March 1917 – 874,000 tons
• Reduced Britain to 6 week food supply
• Counter measures
• Depth charges, hydrophones, airplane patrols and the convoy
system
• End of 1917
• U.S. navy participated in fight against U-boats
• Submarines reduced to a nuisance
The United States and the War
• The French and British Hold the Line
• 1917 – French offensive under General Nivelle
• Unsuccessful and bloody
• French army began mutiny
• Pétain restored order
• British took up the fighting
• 1917 – Battle of Passchendaele
• Lost 400,000 men
• Use surprise attack of 380 tanks – no success
The United States and the War
• America Mobilizes for War
• U.S. instated the draft
• Major war loans boosted U.S. economy
• Production of ships and other war supplies
• Rationing for civilians
• Victory Gardens
• Meatless Tuesdays
• Day-light savings time
• Prohibition
Territorial Gains, 1914-1919
The Final Phase of the War
• The Armistice
• Allies created unified command under Marshall Foch.
• U.S. troops arrived in division strength by June, 1918
• German High Command called for final offensive
• Halted in the Second Battle of the Marne
• Allies launched counter-attack
• Arrival of U.S. troops led Germany to negotiate
• Armistice signed on November 11, 1918
The Final Phase of the War
• Casualties of War
• Devastation of European civilization
• 9 – 10 million Soldiers died
• 22 million wounded
• Many died years later
• The “lost generation”
• Accustomed to violence
The Collapse of the Austrian
and German Empires
• Nationalities Gain Independence
• Austrian Empire collapsed immediately
• Last emperor abdicated on November 12, 1918
• Formation of new states across southern and eastern Europe
• Czechoslovakia
• Hungary
• Yugoslavia
• Enlarged Romania
• Democracy in Germany
• General Ludendorff was ready to end war by September 30, 1918
• Called for a democratic government
• Prince Max of Baden formed liberal cabinet
• Wilson to deal with the “true representatives” of the German people
• German navy mutinied at Kiel
• Formation of worker/soldier councils
• Call for general strike
• Kaiser abdicated the throne and fled to Holland
• The Weimar Republic
• Germany established as a republic by the end of the war
• People called for immediate peace
• Avoid revolution
• German army still at the front
• Deal with new nationalistic lie
• “Stabbed in the back” legend
• Betrayal by the socialist/Jewish government
The Economic, Social, and
Cultural Impact of the War
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• The “Planned Economy”
• Before 1914 – states entered the economy
• Protective tariff, search for markets, new materials
• Social legislation
• During the war
• Complete state control of the economy
• Directed all wealth, natural resources, and all parts of society
towards war production
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• Total War
• Waring states mobilized every component of society
• Armed forces
• Civilian population
• Government institutions
• Economic resources
• Cultural systems
• Enemy threatened way of life
• Use of propaganda
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• The “Rationalization” of Production
• 1914 and the thought of a short war
• By 1916
• Governments set up boards and commissions to organize war effort
• Limited production of civilian goods
• Official direction and distribution of raw material
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• The Allocation of Manpower
• Military conscription
• Draft boards
• Granted exceptions for jobs of importance
• Manufacturing jobs open to women
• Armament industry
• No use of impressed or “slave” labor
• Germany began to use prisoners of war
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• Export Controls
• Foreign trade came under state control
• Greatest exporter – United States
• Export rose from $2 to $6 billion by 1918
• Growing need for foreign loans
• Italy, Russia, France – loans from Britain
• Britain from the United States
• U.S. moved from debtor to creditor
• Owed $4 billion in 1914
• Lend $10 billion by 1919
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• Shipping and Imports
• Allies controlled the sea throughout the war
• Shipping boards
• Coordinated shipbuilding
• Organized shipping space
• Waring nation had growing need for imports
• Foodstuff
• Rubber
• Ammunition and Weapons
• Shipment of troops
Effects on Capitalism –
Government-Regulated Economics
• German “War Socialism”
• Denied access to its colonies and foreign trade
• Growing state control over the economy
• Walter Rathenau
• Launched program to mobilize raw materials – Nitrogen shortage
• Chemical Industry
• Extracted nitrogen from the air
• Developed synthetic rubber
• Allies used same type of methods
• War Industries Boards
Inflation, Industrial Changes,
Control of Ideas
• Mortgaging the Future
• Higher taxes
• Sold war bonds
• Increased amount of
paper money
• Not able cover all funds – led to price increases
• Impacted people on annual salaries the most
• Growing national debt
• Higher taxes for years to come
• Growing need for more exports than imports
Inflation, Industrial Changes,
Control of Ideas
• Industry Spreads
• Spread of industrialization in Asia and South America
• Brazil and Argentina
• Produced their own parts and machines
• Japan
• Produced large numbers of civilian goods
• Sold goods in India, China, and South America
• India
• Tata family controlled $250 million capital
• Established manufacturing plants
• Largest iron and steel works in the empire
Inflation, Industrial Changes,
Control of Ideas
• Propaganda and Public Opinion
• Growing need for propaganda
• Explain the constant loss of life, increased work and lower quality
food
• New mass press and motion pictures
• Posters, schoolbooks, public lectures, religious services, and
patriotic speeches
• Allies
• Portrayed Kaiser as mad man and demon
• Germany
• Fear of Russian and Senegalese invasion
• British Blockade
Cultural Pessimism
• War Poets
• 1914 – Social value of struggle
• France – Charles Péguy
• Britain – Rupert Brooke
• Both left testament of spiritual nobility od the sacrifice for the
nation
• 1918 – explanation of the horrors of war
• Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfried Owen
• Condemned the horror of a senseless war
• Mocked propaganda
Cultural Pessimism
• Freud and Spengler
• New from of Cultural pessimism
• Sigmund Freud
• Emphasized the raw power of human aggression
• Civilization and Its Discontent, 1930
• Struggle between humanities irrational drives and moral
standards
• Oswald Spengler
• The Decline of the West, 1918
• Account of how western civilization had fallen into decay
Cultural Pessimism
• Tzara, Mann, Yeats
• Crisis in Western Culture lead to new
literature and artistic movements
• The Dada Movement
• Founded by Tristan Tzara in
Switzerland, 1915
• Rejected traditional literature,
astatic ideals, and social
conventions
• After short postwar popularity past
into surrealism
Cultural Pessimism
• Tzara, Mann, Yeats
• War exposed the sickness in the heart of
European civilization
• Thomas Mann
• The Magic Mountain, 1924
• Characters from all parts of Europe
debate flawed wester civilization
• W.B. Yeats
• Saw that something in Europe went
terribly wrong
• Summarized anxiety of a whole
generation
• The Second Coming, 1919
The Peace of Paris, 1919
• Woodrow Wilson
• All of Europe admitted that U.S. and
Wilson decided the war
• World had great expectations
• Wilson believed in the grater cause
• Peace would be secured
• World would be free
• Wilson reached Europe in January
1919
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• A New Era
• Wilson and the 14 points
• Freedom of the Sea, no restrictions on international trade, colonial
readjustments, evacuation of occupied territory, reduction of arms,
self-determination for nationalities, and a League of nations
• French demanded reparation
• British opposed the Freedom of the sea
• Germany hoped for fair treatment based on the 14 points
• 27 nations met in Paris
• The Big Four
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• A League of Nations
• Wilson insisted that League would written into the Treaty of Versailles
• Gave concessions to the allies and Japan
• Compromised on many of the 14 points
• Disagreement
• Wilson insisted on religious freedom
• Japan insisted on condemning racial discrimination
• Britain and United States opposed the later
• Both proposals abandon
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• Alsace and Lorraine
• France wanted German territory west of the Rhine
• Anglo-French-American treaty
• Return of Alsace and Lorraine
• Allies occupied the Rhineland
• No armed forces and fortifications
• France occupied Saarland and its coalmines
• Plebiscite in 1935
• Established Polish state
• Free city of Danzig
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• Germany Loses its Colonies
• German colonies became French and British mandates
• Union of South Africa – German Southwest Africa
• Japan, Australia and New Zealand received German Islands in the
Pacific
• Japan – received concessions to the German colonies in China
• Ho chi Minh – called for Indochina self-determination
• Mandate System expanded imperial influence in Africa and the Middle
East
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• War Damages
• German fleet – Scapa Flow
• German army reduced to 100,000 men
• France and Britain opposed to assign the full price of reparation
• Reparation reduced to $33 billion
• 1st payment – surrender of majority of German merchant
marine
• Gave up all private property abroad
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• The “War Guilt” Clause
• Article 231
• Germany accepted complete responsibility for the war
• Germany was not willing to accept sole responsibility
• “War guilt” clause gave opening for agitators
• Overturn the clause became matter of self-respect
The Fourteen Points and the Treaty
of Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles – signed in May 1919
• Other treaties – created new map of Europe
• 7 new state
• Cordon sanitaire
• Yugoslavia – growing conflict with Italy
• Treaty of Sevres
• New Turkish Republic under Ataturk
• Middle East mandates
• 1924 – creation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Europe, 1923
Significance of the Paris Peace
Settlement
• National Self-determination
• Across Europe – people allowed to establish their own countries
• Czechoslovakia became special case
• 2 major groups
• Minority group – Sudeten Germans
• Felt like a suppressed minority
• Led to the Munich Crisis
Significance of the Paris Peace
Settlement
• The Failure of Versailles
• Treaty was to severe or to lenient
• Played into the hand of the reactionaries
• Ludendorff
• Not lenient enough
• Didn’t break nationalistic ideas
• Didn’t break economic or political power
• Didn’t divide Germany into separate states
Significance of the Paris Peace
Settlement
• Victors’ Uneasiness
• British wanted to amend treaties
• Less fear of Germany
• Growing fear of Bolshevism
• Italy disliked treaty
• African and Middle Eastern spoils divided between France and
Britain
• Soviet union not included
• Offended by cordon sanitaire
• U.S. never ratified the treaty
Significance of the Paris Peace
Settlement
• The League of Nations
• Stablished in Geneva
• Germany joint in 1926
• Soviet union joint in 1934
• Could only handle issues that were granted by Great Powers
• Establish system
• Not to better international relations
• Maintained the status quo