Transcript Unit 6 Powerpoint

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of
Religion
14-1
Spain’s Conflict
Backstory
• Calvinism V. Catholicism
• Both side became very militant
• Goal: Both want to eliminate the
others authority
• Method to achieve goal: Trying to
win the number of people they
converted
• Cause for religious wars
• Economic, political, and social
problems added to the dislike
Spain’s Conflict
Spain’s Militant Catholicism
Spain’s Militant Catholicism
• Biggest supporter of militant
Catholicism
• Catholic Kingdoms in Spain
• King Philip II of Spain
• Son of Charles V
• Reign was from 1556 to 1598
• Goal:
• Consolidate the lands inherited by
his father
• Land included Spain, Netherlands,
parts of Italy and the Americas
• Intended to do this by:
• Strict conformity of Catholicism and
strong monarchical authority
• During the Middle Ages
• Defeated the Muslims and Spanish
Jews
• Created a proud heritage that
pushed for Catholicism
• The thought of Spain
• They were chosen by God to save
Catholic Christianity from
Protestant heretics
Spain’s Conflict
Resistance from the Netherlands
Resistance from the Netherlands
• Settlements of Spain
• Mastermind
• Richest was located in Netherlands
• Consisted of 17 provinces
• King Philips attempts:
• Strengthen rule in Netherlands
• Crush Calvinism
• The attempts cause for revolt and
resistance
• Philip sends 10,000 troops to stop
the revolt
• William the Silent (Prince of
Orange)
• Leader of the Northern Dutch revolt
• 12 Year Truce (1609): Ends war
• Northern Dutch united and was
referred to as:
• United Provinces of the Netherlands
• There boundaries created what is
present day Netherlands
• 17th Century known as the golden
age of the Dutch republic
Spain’s Conflict
Protestantism in England
Protestantism in England
• Elizabeth Tudor (Protestant)
• Foreign Policy
• During her reign England became the
#1 Protestant nation
• Had to deal with religious problems
she inherited from her sister (a
catholic)
• 1st attempt: repeal laws favoring
Catholics
• 2nd: Created a new Act of Supremacy
• Made Elizabeth the supreme
governor of both church and state
• This kept most people satisfied
• Elizabeth was very moderate
• Did not want Spain or France to
become to powerful
• Would always support the weaker
nation
• Tried to stay away from war
• Felt it would weaken England
• Could not avoid it with Spain
Spain’s Conflict
Defeat the Spanish Armada
• King Philip’s orders (1588)
• Send the armada to attack England
• If Philip won:
• Would mean an overthrow of
Protestantism
• The armada sent:
• Under manned and not enough ships
• English Ships
• Much faster ships, and destroyed the
Spanish armada
• Return home was brutal – heavy storms
made it difficult
Downfall of Spain
• End of Philips reign
•
•
•
•
Most populous empire
Bankrupt due to all the wars
Philips spent money on wars
Successors spent to much money
on their courts
• Out of date armed forces
• Government was insufficient
• Power shifted to France and
England
Main Idea:
Spain’s Conflict
King Philip II championed Catholic causes throughout his lands, while
England became the leader of Protestant nations in Europe
The French Wars of Religion
The Wars (1562-1598)
Huguenots
• Religious conflict was the main
reason
• French Protestants
• French government persecuted
Protestants
• Did not stop the spread of
Protestantism
• Influenced by John Calvin
• 7 percent of the French population
• Regular population
• 40 – 50 percent of the nobility
became Huguenots
• This made Protestants a huge threat
to the throne
The French Wars of Religion
Henry IV and Edict of Nantes
Henry IV and Edict of Nantes
• Henry IV (1589)
• Edict of Nantes
• Once was a Huguenot political
leader
• Realized as a Protestant, he would
never be accepted by Catholic
France
• He converted to Catholicism
• (1594) When crowned king,
fighting in France came to an end
• Ends the religious problem
• Issued by Henry IV
• Recognized Catholicism as the
official religion of France
• Religious tolerance towards the
Huguenots
• Could worship
• Have political privileges such as
holding office
Main Idea:
The French Wars of Religion
Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants was at the heart of the
French Wars of Religion
Social Crisis, War, and
Revolution
14-2
Crisis in Europe
Big Problem
Economic and Social Crises
• Inflation hit
• Effects of the Economic Crisis
• Rise of prices
• Growing population in 16th
century increased the demand
for land and food
• This drove up prices
• Spain
• Mines were producing less silver
• Ships were being attacks by pirates
• Loss of Muslim and Jewish artisans
and merchants
• Population
• Population increased and decrease
• 1500 to 1600: + 25 million
• 1650 population declined
• Warfare, plaque, and famine caused
this
• Created social tensions
Crises in Europe
Witchcraft Trials
Witchcraft Trials
• Over hundred thousand people
charge with witchcraft
• Admittance or Confessions
• Fear grew:
• Of being a witch
• Or being accused of being a witch
• Most often accused:
• Poor – people with no land
• 75 percent of the people accused
were women
• Single or widowed and usually over
50
• Under torture confessed to:
• Allegiance to the devil
• Attended sabbats – night meetings
• Casting evil spells
• 1650
• Trials faded away
• People changed their perspective
about a world haunted by evil
Main Idea:
Crisis in Europe
Population decline in Europe and the hysteria of witchcraft trials
contributed to economic and social problems
Thirty Years’ War
Cause of War
Effects of War
• Causes
• Only England was not apart of this
war
• Germany was destroyed and
plundered
• Religion: This war was consider the
last of the religious wars
• Holy Roman Empire (Catholics) v.
Nobles of Bohemia (Protestants)
• Other countries will slowly join the
war
• It becomes more political when this
happens
• Political and territorial motives
• Spain, France, and Holy Roman Empire
fight for dominance of Europe
• The Peace of Westphalia stop the
war in Germany
• Split up Germany into over 300 states
• States able to determine own religion
• States able to conduct own foreign
policy
• It brought an end to the Holy Roman
Empire
Main Idea:
Thirty Years’ War
Started over religious conflict, the Thirty Years’ War was sustained by
political conflicts
Revolutions of England
The Struggle
• Civil War in England
• Reason for the tension
MAIN REASON
Struggle between the king and
Parliament to determine what role
each should take in governing
England
Revolutions of England
Stuarts and Divine Right
Stuarts and Divine Right
• Stuarts replace the Tudors as the
heirs of the throne
• Religion is dividing the King and
his gentry (well off landowners)
• James I becomes kings
• Believed he received his powers
from God, and was responsible only
to God
• Divine Rights of Kings
• Parliament did not agree to this
concept
• Thought Parliament and king/queen
ruled together
• Puritans (gentry) want the Church
of England to be more Protestant
• Gentry makes up a big portion in the
House of Commons
• Not wise to alienate them
Charles I
Effects relationships with other classes
Revolutions of England
Stuarts and Divine Right
• Charles I
• Son of James I
• Believes in Divine Right
• Accepts a petition that could not pass
any taxes without consent from
Parliament
• Changed his mind on petition
• Believed it would put limits on his
power
• Imposed more rituals on he Church
of England
• Many Puritans left to America when
this happened
Revolutions of England
Civil War and Commonwealth
Civil War and Commonwealth
• Civil War
• New Model Army
• King vs. Parliament
• Cavaliers vs. Roundheads
• Parliament will come out the winner
• Reason: New Model Army
• Oliver Cromwell
• Controlled the New Model Army
• Army of largely extreme Puritans
• Soldiers were well trained and
disciplined
• Took control quickly
• Had Charles I executed
• Parliament
• Abolished monarchy and the House
of Lords
• England is now a Commonwealth
(republic)
• Cromwell could not work with
Parliament
• Took over with military power, and
now was a dictator
Revolutions of England
The Restoration
Problems with the Monarchs
• Cromwell dies in 1658
• Charles II
• George Monk (Cromwell’s general)
restores a monarchy
• Restored to Charles II in 1660
Restoration
Period
• Had been exiled under Cromwell’s
rule
• During the restoration, Parliament
maintained power
• Main action to pass laws restoring
the Church of England
• Restricted some rights of
Catholics and Puritans
• Mother and sister want him to become
Catholic
• Loyal to the Protestant faith, but sympathetic
to Catholicism
• His brother James
• Remained catholic
• Raised his daughters Protestant
• Charles II dies, and James II becomes king
• Devoting Catholic, creates conflict between
King and Parliament
• Appoint Catholic into high positions of the
government
• Had a son with his second wife
• Another Catholic could rule after James II
Revolutions of England
Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights
• William of Orange
• William and Mary take over as
Monarchs
• Married to the daughter of James
II of England (The king)
• Invaded England
• James II and his family fled to
France
• They kicked out the monarch this
disapproved of
• Known as the Glorious Revolution
• Basically no bloodshed or causalities
• Sign English Bill of Rights
• Gave Parliament power to pass laws
and levy taxes
• Gave Parliament other powers as well
• Impossible for a monarch to oppose or
to do without Parliament
• Bill created a Constitutional
Monarchy
• Monarchs are symbols of the past, but
still have the title
• England is this still today
Main Idea:
Revolutions in England
Civil War raged over what roles the king and Parliament should have
in governing England