Transcript Europe in Crisis

Europe in Crisis
•3.06 Compare the influence of religion, social structure,
and colonial export economies on North and South
American societies.
•3.07 Evaluate the effects of colonialism on Africa, the
Americas, Asia, and Europe.
•4.01 Analyze the causes and assess the influence of
seventeenth to nineteenth century political revolutions in
England, North America, and France on individuals,
governing bodies, church-state relations, and diplomacy.
Spain’s Conflicts
• In the sixteenth century, religious
wars broke out in Europe as Calvinists
and Catholics became more militant.
• King Philip II of Spain wanted to
consolidate the lands of his empire–
Spain, the Netherlands, and
possessions in the Americas and
Italy–under Catholicism.
• Philip II attempted to strengthen his
control in the Netherlands by
crushing Calvinism, but was resisted
by a rebellion led by William the
Silent.
Spain’s Conflicts
• In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came
to power in England.
• The Church of England began to
follow a moderate form of
Protestantism and England
became the leader of the
Protestant nations of Europe.
• Philip II tried to invade England
to restore Catholicism to the
island nation.
• In 1588, the Spanish armada
was defeated by the faster
English ships. Upon its return to
Spain, the fleet was battered by
storms en route around
Scotland and Ireland.
Spain’s Conflicts
• In 1588, the Spanish armada
was defeated by the faster
English ships. Upon its return
to Spain, the fleet was
battered by storms en route
around Scotland and Ireland.
• By the end of Philip’s reign in
1598, Spain was not the
great power that it appeared
to be, and England began to
create
a world empire.
The French Wars of Religion
• During the 1500s, France
encountered a series of civil
wars, known as the French Wars
of Religion (1562–1598).
• Huguenots were French
Protestants influenced by John
Calvin. About half the nobility
were Huguenots, a political
threat to the Crown.
• The ultra-Catholics opposed the
Huguenots and recruited large
armies to fight them.
The French Wars of Religion
• In 1589 a Huguenot political
leader named Henry of
Navarre succeeded to the
throne as Henry IV, bringing
the French Wars of Religion
to an end.
• Henry IV converted to
Catholicism, but issued the
Edict of Nantes, recognizing
Catholicism as the state
religion and giving
Huguenots religious and
political rights.
Crises in Europe
• During the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries,
Europe witnessed severe
economic and social
problems.
• Economic problems were
caused by the loss of Jewish
and Muslim artisans and
merchants, economic
problems in Italy, and
currency policies in Spain.
• One major economic
problem was inflation, or
rising prices.
Crises in Europe
• Europe’s population
growth during the
sixteenth century
increased the demand
for food and land, while
driving up prices.
• Europe’s population had
leveled off by 1620. War,
famine, and plague led
to declining population
numbers.
Crises in Europe
• Religious zeal and hunts
for heretics were
extended to witchcraft.
• Fear of witchcraft led to
the accusations and
trials of over 100,000
people, mostly single or
widowed women.
Salem Witch Trials
• http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?I
D=227145
The Thirty Years’ War
• The Thirty Years’ War was
fought primarily in the Holy
Roman Empire.
• It began between Catholics, led
by the Hapsburg dynasty, and
Protestant forces in Bohemia.
• All of the major powers in
Europe (except England) were
involved in the war.
The Thirty Years’ War
• In 1648 the Peace of
Westphalia ended the war
and divided the Holy
Roman Empire into
independent states that
could determine their
own religion and foreign
policy.
• This brought an end to the
Holy Roman Empire as a
political entity.
Revolutions in England
• James I, the king of
Scotland, came to power
with the death of Queen
Elizabeth. The Stuart line of
rulers began in 1603.
• James I believed in the
divine right of kings. This
contradicted the beliefs of
most Englishmen, who
accepted that the king and
Parliament ruled England
together.
Revolutions in England
• When Charles I came to the
throne, many Puritans were
upset that he attempted to
put more rituals into the
Church of England. This led
thousands of Puritans to
leave for America.
• In 1642 England was faced
with a civil war between
the king’s soldiers, known
as Cavaliers, and the
Roundheads under Oliver
Cromwell.
Revolutions in England
• Cromwell’s forces were
victorious, and Charles II was
executed.
• In 1649 England was declared a
commonwealth.
• After Cromwell’s death in 1658,
England restored the Stuart line
of rulers with
Charles II.
• Charles II ruled until his death in
1685, when James II ascended
the throne.
Revolutions in England
• James II was a devout Catholic.
Parliament objected to his
policies of appointing Catholics
because its members were
afraid a Catholic dynasty might
be possible.
• In 1688 English nobles invited
William and Mary of Orange,
who were Protestants, to
invade England.
• William and Mary were offered
the throne and accepted the
English Bill of Rights.
Revolutions in England
• Bill of Rights:
– Parliament could
make laws and levy
taxes.
– Armies could not be
raised without the
consent of
Parliament.
– Citizens could keep
arms and have a
jury trial.
Revolutions in England
• The Bill of Rights ensured
that Parliament would be
part of the English
government and laid the
foundation for a
constitutional monarchy.
• Parliament also enacted
the Tolerance Act of 1689,
which granted Puritans,
but not Catholics, the right
of free public worship.
Vocabulary 1
• Armada: a fleet of warships
Vocabulary 2
• Inflation: a rapid increase in prices
Vocabulary 3
• Divine right of kings: the belief that kings
receive their power from God and are
responsible only to God
Vocabulary 4
• Commonwealth: a republic