Transcript SOL 3 World History II (Teacher) Cath Counter Ref

The Catholic Counter
Reformation
The Religious Situation in Europe c. 1560
Catholic Counter Reformation
• The Spread of Protestantism
– By mid-sixteenth century, Lutheranism had become
established in Germany and Scandinavia
– Calvinism had similarly taken root in Switzerland,
France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and eastern
Europe
– In England, Henry VIII’s split with the Catholic Church
had resulted in the creation of the Church of England
(Anglican)
• Stopping the Spread of Protestantism was now a
significant problem for the Catholic Church
Catholic Counter-Reformation
•
To combat {fight} the spread of Protestantism the Catholic Church too
several important actions
– Pope Paul III worked hard to repair the Spiritual split that had lead to
the protestant Reformation by appointing devout and well educated
men as Bishops and Cardinals
– Pope Paul III also brought the Inquisition {trial court} to Rome and
began to prosecute heretics {protestants}
• The Inquisition could apply torture and other harsh punishments,
which provided visible examples and punishments; intended not
only remove Protestant Heretics but to keep Catholics from joining
the Protestant Faith
– Pope IV established the Index of Forbidden Books in 1559 to prevent
Catholics from reading books the Catholic Church found harmful to the
faith or the morals of Catholics
• This was somewhat ineffective because the printing press had
made books so available that the church could not stop the spread
of the information contained in them.
The Catholic Counter Reformation
– The Calling of the Council of Trent
• This meeting of Church officials was called by Pope Paul III in 1545
– The purpose of the Council of Trent was to deal with the corrupt polices
which had lead to the Protestant Reformation
– The Council of Trent lead to the following outcomes:
» Scripture and Tradition were affirmed {approved} as equal authorities in
religious matters
» The belief that only the church could interpret scripture was retained
{kept}
» The belief that good works and faith was retained as necessary for
salvation
» The seven Catholic Sacraments remained unchanged
» The selling of Indulgences was prohibited
» Belief in purgatory was retained
» The power of the Pope was increased and his authority was supreme
» Celibacy for Priest was retained
» Marriage had to be performed in front of a Priest and witnesses to be
legal
The Catholic Counter Reformation
– The creation of the Jesuits
• This new religious order for men was founded by Ignatius Loyola and
recognized by the Pope in 1540
– The Jesuits purpose was as follows:
» to use education to achieve the goal of containing the spread of
Protestantism
• Missionaries were sent into Germany and Eastern Europe
to restore the Catholic Faith and they were very successful
• Jesuit Universities were founded to teach humanist values
as well as Catholic doctrine to produce better educated
supporters of the Catholic Church
• Missionaries were sent to China, Japan, Latin America and
Canada to convert the native people to Catholicism
The French Civil
War (Religious
War)
Religious and Political Divisions of
France c. 1585-1598
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty
Left Henry
III of
France
Above:
Charles IX of
France
Right:
Catherine
Medici
(Mother of
Charles IX and
Henry III
Above: Henry
IV of France
Left: Henry Guise
The French Civil War
 There were two sides:
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Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Protestant Huguenots in
South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the
first phase.
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Henry IV of France
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Henry IV (was King of France from 1589 to
1610 and king of Navarre from 1572 to 1610.
He was the first Bourbon monarch
As a Protestant (Huguenot), Henry was
involved in the Wars of Religion before
ascending the throne in 1589.
Before his coronation as King of France he
changed his faith from Calvinism to
Catholicism
In 1598, he enacted the Edict of Nantes
which guaranteed religious liberties to the
Protestants..
One of the most popular French kings, both
during and after his reign, Henry showed
great care for the welfare of his subjects and
displayed an unusual religious tolerance for
the time.
He was assassinated by a fanatical Catholic,
Francois Ravaillac in 1610
The Edict of Nantes 1598
•
The Edict of Nantes, issued on 13
April 1598, by Henry IV of France,
granted the Calvinist Protestants of
France (also known as Huguenots)
freedom to practice their religion in
those area’s where they were the
majority population
•
With the Edict, Henry IV promoted
civil unity
– The Edit opened a path for secularism
and tolerance in France.
•
It marked the end of the religious
wars that had afflicted France during
the second half of the 16th century.
•
This Edict was never intended to be a
long term solution and over time it
held less power and was ultimately
revoked by King Louis XIV of France
Francis I of
France
Catherine Medici
Francis II of
France & Mary
Stuart
Marguerite Sister
of Francis I of
France (Queen of
Navarre)
Marguerite
Valois Royal
Consort of
Henry IV
Henry IV of
France
Henry II of France
Elizabeth Valois
Queen of Spain
Charles IX of
France
Henry III of
France
Joan of
Navarre
Louis XIII
of France
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
The Hapsburgs
1618-1648
Ferdinand I
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Ferdinand I was a monarch from
the House of Habsburg.
He was Holy Roman Emperor from
1558 and king of Bohemia and
Hungary from 1526
He ruled the Austrian hereditary
lands of the Habsburgs most of his
public life, at the behest of his elder
brother Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor and King of Spain.
The key events during his reign
were:
– His wars with the Ottoman Empire
– the Protestant Reformation and the
30 years War
The Thirty Years War Begins
• Ferdinand I and the Hapsburg Family supported the Catholic Church
– In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had
ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants.
• in 1617, Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian estates to become the
Crown Prince.
• Ferdinand then sent two Catholic councilors (as his representatives in
Bohemia. According to legend, the _Bohemian Hussites suddenly seized
them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace
window, which was some 50 feet off the ground. Remarkably, they survived
unharmed.
• The religious conflict eventually spread across the whole continent of Europe,
involving France, Sweden, and a number of other countries.
– Ferdinand was a supporter of the Counter Reformation and helped
lead the Catholic response against what he saw as the heretical tide of
Protestantism.
Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.
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The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
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Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.
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The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman
Emperor.
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Frederick II borrowed an army from
Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
 The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
Thirty Years War
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
 The Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
was the battleground.
 At the beginning  it was the
Catholics vs. the Protestants.
 At the end  it was Habsburg power
that was threatened by the French
Cardinal Richelieu
 The War was resolved by the Treaty
of Westphalia in 1648.
Bohemian Phase
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
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Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy
Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein
for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
 Edict of Restitution (1629):
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Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
 German princes feared Ferdinand  he
fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
Danish Phase
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
 France & Sweden now get involved.
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Both want to stop Habsburg power.
Sweden led the charge.
France provided support.
 French Cardinal Richelieu made the
changed the purpose of the war from
Religion to Political Power in an attempt to
limit the Hapsburg Family influence in
Europe while making France more powerful
 Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
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At first the Swedish were successful but the
death of Gustavus Adolphus led to their
withdrawal form the war
Swedish Phase
The French Phase: 1635-1648
 France & Sweden switched roles.
 All countries in Europe now participated.
 This phase was most destructive!
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German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 Million People Dead  1/3 of the
population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5
million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Political Provisions:
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Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of
control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became
officially independent  so. part remained a Sp.
possession.
Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of
Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic &
Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the
HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea &
in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges
as the Lutherans had in the Peace of
Augsburg.
 The Ruler of each state could
determine its official religion, but in
the hereditary lands of the Hapsburgs
freedom of private worship must be
permitted
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1688-1700
Nobody Was Happy!
 Many Protestants felt betrayed.
 The Pope denounced it.
 Only merit  it ended the fighting in a
war that became intolerable!
 For the next few centuries, this war
was For the next few centuries, this
war was blamed for everything that
went wrong in Central Europe.
Art Images reflect the different views
taken by Protestants and Catholics
•
The disparity between Protestant and Catholic art sprang from two divergent world views
which were revealed in the art each group produced:
– Once the Reformation began, Protestant leaders such as Huldreich Zwingli and John
Calvin encouraged iconoclastic1 movements, which denounced Catholic imagery as
idolatrous and called for its destruction. However, the Protestants did not condemn all
art
– In response to the threat of Protestantism Pope Paul III summoned church leaders to the
Council of Trent, which convened periodically between 1545 and 1563.
• This council succeeded in instituting some reforms in the Catholic Church, including
the prohibition of the sale of indulgences.
• It also firmly reasserted many Catholic doctrines and took a more aggressive stance
toward "heresy."
•
This led to the Catholic Counter-Reformation which cracked down on any hint of "heresy" and created
institutions such as the Universal Inquisition to strictly enforce adherence to the Catholic faith.
– This severity regulated the arts, forcing the Catholic painters of the South to return to the medieval
tradition of producing strictly religious art, which greatly distinguished them from the Protestant
painters of the North.
Art During the Reformation
Peter Breughel ‘The Wedding
Feast” Northern European
• While Protestant artists
occasionally painted scenes
from the Bible, they often
painted ordinary people
performing every-day
activities.5 Sometimes they
even portrayed simple
scenes from nature
Art during the Reformation
• Artists in Catholic Southern
Europe during the CounterReformation.
– Painted with realism but did
not paint common scenes.
• Instead they graphically
portrayed the martyrdom of
ideal-looking saints and
painted the Virgin Mary and
Jesus Christ as ideal
humans. Their paintings
glorified Catholic
Traditions, the sacraments,
and the saints.
Art during the Reformation
• Clearly, the content of their work contrasted strongly
with that of the northern Protestants' work.
• The main issue that the two groups disagreed on was
the nature of the human relationship with God.
– Protestant Reformers believed that man could come
directly to God through the finished work of Christ
(because, as the great Reformer Martin Luther pointed
out, all Christians are priests).
– Catholic Church saw a need for intermediaries, such as the
saints and the Virgin Mary. As a result, Catholics of the
time made images of the saints, of Mary, and of Jesus.
(They gave reverence to the images because they believed
these images would bring them closer to God).
Art during the Reformation
• Another issue also held significance in the shaping of
the different types of art. This issue was the division of
the “sacred" and the “secular."
– Protestants artist saw this division was artificial.
• God created people in His image, and all of our activities should
be done to His glory and that an ordinary life could glorify God just
as much as a “Saintly” life
– Catholics of the Counter-Reformation, however, believed
that art had to have religious or "sacred" content
• Life must emulate the people of the Bible and as a result, the
Catholic artists produced radically different art than the
Protestants.
Art of the Catholic
Counter-Reformation
Art of the Protestant
Reformation
Quick Quiz
1. While art of the Reformation often depicted every-day
objects and activities, the art of the Counter-Reformation
did which of the following?
A. Pictured only non-religious subjects.
B. Depicted some religious and some non-religious
themes, just like Protestant art.
C. Was painted with air brushes.
D. Focused exclusively on religious subjects, such as the
saints, the Virgin Mary, and Jesus Christ.
2. Which Catholic practice sparked the Protestant
iconoclastic movement?
A. Confession.
B. The veneration of images.
C. Communion.
D. Infant Baptism.
3. Differing views on what issue affected Protestant and
Catholic art?
A. The division of the sacred and the secular.
B. The type of clothes that monks should wear.
C. The order of events in church service.
D. The type of food to eat during Lent.