Transcript World War I and Post War World PRESENTATION

World War I and Post War World
Ch. 14.1-14.4
Alice F. Short
Hilliard Davidson High School
Unit 5
World War I and Post War World
Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900-1945)
• The first half of the 20th century was one of rapid technological advances. It was a
period when the tensions between industrialized nations resulted in World War I
and set the stage for World War II. While World War II transformed the balance of
world power, it was the most destructive and costly war in terms of human
casualties and material resources expended.
Content Statements:
13. Advances in technology, communication and transportation improved lives, but
also had negative consequences.
14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and
alliances.
15. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for
the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and
the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II.
16. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World
War I and the Holocaust, the state-sponsored mass murder of Jews and other
groups, during World War II.
World War I and Post War World
Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
• Students apply skills by utilizing a variety of resources to construct theses
and support or refute contentions made by others. Alternative
explanations of historical events are analyzed and questions of historical
inevitability are explored.
1. Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of
action. (Was WWI inevitable? What could have changed the causes of
WWI into something that would not result in war?)
2. The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an
examination of the credibility of each source. (…)
3. Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.
(students assigned thesis and they must defend it)
4. Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical
events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal
relations. (causes and effects of WWI analysis)
World War I Begins
Ch. 14, Lesson 1
Europe, 1914
Tensions between
Industrialized Nations
• tensions between industrialized nations led to…
– World War I
– set the stage for World War II (which would transform
the balance of world power)
• Causes of WWI (“Great War,” “The War to End All
Wars”)
1.
2.
3.
4.
militarism
imperialism
nationalism
alliances
14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.
1. Causes of WWI: Militarism
• militarism – aggressively building up a
nation’s armed forces in preparation of war
– glorification of war and strength
– mobilization – the process of assembling troops
and supplies and making them ready for war
• complex – having many intricate parts
– alliances  increased danger
– belligerents – warring nations
– conscription – imposing a military draft
2. Causes of WWI: Imperialism
• imperialism – the desire for the best colonies
around the world  conflict
– competition for (African) colonies  increased
rivalries
– Industrial Revolution
• Shipbuilding
• New weapons (iron, steel, chemicals)
• Mass armies (conscription)
3. Causes of WWI: Nationalism
• nationalism – various ethnic groups tried to
gain more political unity
– nation-states
• self-interests and success
– several nationalities often ruled by a single regime
• Example: Slavic minorities wanted nation-state (in
Balkans, Austro-Hungarian Empire)
• socialist labor movements  war = distraction
– DISCUSSION: Why would this be a problem?
4. Causes of WWI: Alliances
• alliances – a complex system of alliances
developed among the nations of Europe
(meant to maintain the balance of power)
– Intensified threat of militarism
– Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
– Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain
– system of alliances – considered a main cause of
World War I
• Why is the word World in bold font?
Socialist Labor Movements
• internal unrest  increased desire for a
“distracting war”
Balkan Powder Keg
• state of unrest in the Balkans
• new nations formed after decline of Ottoman
Empire, including Serbia
• Russia (support Serbia) and Austria-Hungary
annexed Bosnia, which disappointed Serbia
• assassination of Francis (Franz) Ferdinand
ignited the “Great War”
– assassin: Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist,
member of Blackhand (Serbian nationalist group)
WWI Begins
• As European counties formed
alliances and increased the sizes
of their armed forces, they set
the stage for a global war.
– needed a good reason to mobilize
troops
– Good Reason:
• When a Serbian terrorist /
nationalist assassinated Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his wife,
World War I soon followed.
• Gavrilo Princip – Serbian nationalist
who assassinated archduke of
Austria-Hungary
• Serbia – country that AustriaHungary blamed for the
assassination of Francis Ferdinand –
– DISCUSSION: Is this fair?
World War I Begins
• June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated
– assassin: Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist / terrorist /
extremist
• wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary
• wanted larger Serbian kingdom
– DISUCSSION: Why all of the different vocabulary?
– Austria-Hungary
• wanted to “render Serbia innocuous once and for all by a display
of force.”
• blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
• Germany  gives Austria-Hungary a “blank check”
– DISCUSSION: What does the quote mean? Imply?
Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum
• 1. Serbian government must suppress all groups
that were opposed to Austria-Hungary (A/H)
• 2. Serbia must dismiss school teachers and ban
books that didn’t support A/H
• 3. Serbia must dismiss government officials who
spoke out against A/H
• 4. A/H officials must be allowed to participate in
the trials of those accused of the assassination
– Serbia declined this provision and A-H declared war
on July 28th
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• If this was your country, would you accept
these terms in order to avoid war?
• ACTIVITY: Ultimatum to Canada!
World War I Begins
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June 28, 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated
July 28, 1914: partial mobilization of Russian army
August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia
August 3, 1914: Germany declared war on France
August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on
Germany
• * isolation = America’s policy at beginning of WWI
– not a part of the initial alliance system
World War I Begins
Mobilization in Europe
• July 28, 1914: (Russia supports
Serbia)
– partial mobilization of Russian army
• August 1, 1914:
– Germany declared war on Russia (in
response to Russian mobilization)
– Schlieffen Plan – German 2-front
plan (France and Russia had an
Alliance)
• August 3, 1914: Germany declared
war on France
– part of Schlieffen Plan (must go
through Belgium)
• August 4, 1914: Great Britain
declared war on Germany
– Belgium: Germany violated neutrality
(open reason)
– G.B. allied with France and Russia
(additional reason)
A SHORT Time to Ponder
• If you were Belgium, would you O.K. with
Germany brining its army through you
country? Why or why not?
Rapid Technological Advances
• Technology - first half of the 20th century
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Germans- U-boats and poison gas
Machine guns
Airplanes — surveillance and dogfights
British tanks
Civilian soldiers
Trench warfare
• Globalization
– Communication
– Transportation
• Negative Consequences
World War I
Ch. 14, Lesson 2
• Both sides thought would be over in a few weeks
– Triple Alliance
– Triple Entente
• lasted for longer
 many casualties on both sides
• war widened
 United States entered the fray in 1917
• World War I escalated
– governments:
• took control of their economies,
• rationed food and supplies
• called on civilians to work and makes sacrifices for the war
effort
Two Sides—Both felt the war would be
over quickly
Central Powers (Triple Alliance)
• German Empire
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
• Advantages:
– Central location allowed
better communication and
travel.
– Germany’s powerful army
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•
•
•
•
•
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Allied Powers (Triple Entente)
Great Britain
France
Russia
Japan
Italy
Eventually, United States
Advantages
– More industrial, more
soldiers, Great Britain’s
powerful navy
Propaganda
• propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a
cause
– use of selected bits of information to help people back their country’s war
efforts
– stirred national hatred
– blindly supported own country (believed “just”)
7 Types of Propaganda
1. name calling
2. glittering generality
3. transfer  can be positive or negative
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4.
testimonials  can be positive or negative
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5.
6.
7.
associations
Famous individuals endorse a product, candidate, or policy
plain folks  Sometimes I pays to associate the product, candidate, or
policy with “just plain folks.”
card stacking  present only positive information about what you
support, and only negative information about what you oppose
bandwagon  “Everyone is doing it”
• Propaganda  Use
of selected
information
– Both true and false
– Governments sent
up agencies to
control news about
the war
• atrocities  brutal acts against defenseless
civilians
• British stories of German atrocities angered
Americans
• Did not realize the stories were exaggerated
The Western Front
• The Western Front
– Schlieffen Plan – attack France
– First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10
– stalemate
• new technologies  both sides started using trench
warfare
– marked by trench warfare
• trench warfare – fighting from ditches protected by
barbed wire, famously associated with WWI
Advances in Technology
• Machine Guns
– Fired rapidly,
without
interruption
– First ones were
heavy  Had to
have a team of
several men to
operate them
– Caused huge
causalities
• Chemical Warfare
– Germans
introduced
poison gas as a
weapon
Advances in Technology
• Britain introduced the tank (1916)
– could easily move over rough ground, through barbed wire
– became more important in World War II
The Eastern Front
• marked by mobility
• Germans defeated Russians (no threat)
– Battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 30
– Battle of Masurian Lakes, Sept. 15
• Russians defeated Austria-Hungary in Galicia
– thrown out of Serbia
• Italians betrayed Triple Alliance: Germany and Austria-Hungary
– attacked Austria, May, 1915
– joined Allied Powers (formerly called Triple Entente)
• Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy
• Germany aided Austria-Hungary
– pushed Russians back into Russia
• 2.5 million Russians killed, captured or wounded
• almost out of war
– Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria
• attacked and eliminated Serbia, September 1915
• allowed Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
(formerly Triple Alliance) to focus on Western Front
Name Changes
• Triple Alliance  Central Powers
• Triple Entente  Allied Powers
Trench Warfare
• By late 1915, The Great War had become a war of attrition
– Each side trying to outlast the other  Technology moved
faster than military tactics
• Stalemate – Neither side was able to gain an advantage
Trench and Air Warfare
• war of attrition – a war based on wearing down the
other side with constant attacks and heavy losses
• trench warfare
– no-man’s land
– Verdun, France, 700,000 died in 10 months over a few
miles of land
– baffled generals (past: movement and maneuver)
• air warfare
– surveillance
– target – something or someone marked for attack
– zeppelins – giant airships
• used to bomb London and eastern England
• filled with hydrogen gas  raging enfernos
Airplanes as Weapons
• Before WWI, planes were
mainly used as observation
– Early stages of development
– Hard to maneuver
• Invention of the
“interrupter”
• “The Red Baron”  Shot
down around 80 enemy
planes
– Manfred von Richthofen
•
http://www.history.com/videos/grenade-becomes-standardbattle-equipment#interrupter-air-combat-revolution
WWI “Aces”
excellent propaganda for both sides
Allied Powers
• Eddie Rickenbacker
– Shot down 26 enemy planes
Central Powers
– Manfred von Richthofen
– “The Red Baron”  Shot
down around 80 enemy
planes
A World War
• widening the war
– Bulgaria joined Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire)
– Allies (Russia, G.B., France) declared war on Ottoman Empire)
• Gallipoli – disastrous Allied campaign in Balkans
• Lawrence of Arabia, 1917
– urged Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman overlords
• England mobilized troops form India, Australia, New Zealand, 1918  destroy
Ottoman Empire in the Middle East
– Allies seized German colonies around the world
• Japan seized German Pacific islands
• entry of the United States (April, 1917)
– Britain and Germany tried to set up naval blockades
– unrestricted submarine warfare
• sunk passenger liners
• Lusitania  A cargo ship sunk by German U-Boats
– Nearly 1200 people were killed, including 128 Americans
• suspended from September 1915-January 1917
• US enters war April, 1917 – large numbers in 1918
– psychological boost for Allies
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:
Advances in Technology
• German U-Boats
– Unterseebooten
• Goal – Prevent munitions and food from
entering British ports
– At first rose to surface, allowing ship to surrender
• Eventually, remained hidden and fired without
warning
Impact of Total War
total war – a war that involved the complete mobilization of
resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in
the warring countries, even those remote from the
battlefield
• increased government powers
– drafted tens of millions
– temporarily put aside free-market capitalism
• established planned economies – an economic system directed by
government agencies
• set up price, wage and rent controls
• rationed food supplies and materials
• regulated imports and exports
• took over transportation systems and industries
• manipulation of public opinion
– patriotic enthusiasm waned
• altered society
Advances in Technology
• Types of soldiers changed
– no longer “professional”
soldiers
– drafted civilians
• men and women at home
supported war efforts by
working in factories
– “Total War”
Oppression and Discrimination:
Armenian Genocide
• Armenian Genocide (during WWI)
– watch video (13 minutes, 6 seconds)
The Russian Revolution
Ch. 14, Lesson 3
• war dragged on  stirred with unrest.
• Czar Nicholas II stepped down (overthrown during
Communist Revolution) = end of Romanov dynasty
of Russia
• provisional government
• Bolsheviks under V.I. Lenin overthrew the
government
– V.I. Lenin – followed Marxist ideas and established a
communist dictatorship in Russia
– Bolsheviks – party that won the Russian Civil War; The
Red Army
– total command of Russia, 1921
Why Revolution in Russia?
• Czar Nicholas II = incompetent
– lacked self-awareness
– Grigory Rasputin (rumors)
• poor living conditions  rise of socialism
– strikes
– soviets – Russian councils composed of
representatives from workers and soldiers
• incredible loss of life (in WWI)
– wanted peace
– wanted food
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
• Lenin - leader of Bolsheviks
– violent & extreme; favored violent revolution
– April 1917 – Germans sent him back to Russia 
create trouble
– revolution – an overthrow of government
Bolsheviks Seize Power
•
•
•
•
October 1917: seized power
Bolsheviks  Communists
Lenin essentially in power
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – treaty signed by Lenin
w/ German
– (Russia surrendered to Germany because the
communists took over and promised peace)
– loss of territory: eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland,
Baltic Provinces
– ended war (the promised peace)
Civil War in Russia
• Red Army (Communists) vs. White Army
– Red Army  unified; one cause
• extreme discipline
– White Army  not unified; many causes
• Czar Nicholas II (abdicated – to formally give
up control of a country or state)
– living in isolation wife w/ 5 kids  all murdered
Triumph of the Communists
• war communism – in WWI Russia, government
seized control of banks and most industries, the
seizing of grain from peasants, and the
centralization of state administration under
Communist control
• Red Terror
– aimed at destroying anyone disloyal
– Cheka – secret police
• Communist Support
– foreign aid came to opponents of Communism 
increased nationalism and support for the
communists… no one likes a foreign army
– Communists  single party state
Animal Farm
• Novel by George Orwell
that is a metaphor for
the Russian Revolution
– and part of the Stalin era
World War I Ends
Ch. 14, Lesson 4
• Governments, troops, and civilians were
weary as World War I continued through
1917. Shortly after the United States
entered the war, Germany made its final
military gamble and lost. The war finally
ended on November 11, 1918. New
nations were formed, and a League of
Nations was created to resolve future
international disputes.
The Last Year of the War
• collapse and armistice
• armistice – an agreement to stop fighting
– Allies WIN; Central Powers LOSE
– Armistice: 11/11/1918 at 11 a.m.
• revolutionary forces
The Peace Settlements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points – outlined a plan for peace around the world for after war (ideas for a
more just world)
1. Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements
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2.
3.
4.
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Reduce the military forces and/or weapons
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
NO SECRET TREATIES
REDUCTION IN NATIONAL ARMAMENTS
Readjust the colonies fairly
The allowance for Russia to self-determine its own government
Respect for Belgium's Integrity
Restoration of French Territory
Italy receives territory based upon ethnicity
Austria-Hungary receives fair development opportunities
Independence for the Balkan states
Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and free passage through the
Dardanelles
13. Independence for Poland
14. The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence for all countries, large
and small (League of Nations – an organization to solve the world’s problems peacefully…
not so successful)
IMPORTANT NOTE: Did not contain punishments for Germany or reparations (which were a
part of the punishments)
The Peace Settlements
• Paris Peace Conferences
– “Big Four” – the main Allied leaders deciding on
the Treaty of Versailles
– Treaty of Versailles – punished Germany
• led to WWII b/c treaty humiliated Germans
• Legacies of World War I
– 10 million soldiers = dead (from all countries)
Consequences of WWI
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Worldwide Depression
Russian Revolution
Totalitarianism
Axis Expansion
Appeasement