Transcript The Catholic/Counter Reformation

Cory Ihnotic
Period 4
The Catholic/Counter
Reformation
- The aims, methods, and degree of success
during the 16th century.
What Are They?
The Catholic Reformation
The Counter Reformation
A. The Slowness of Institutional Reform
1. Pope Julius II
a. The Lateran Council called in 1512.
1. Called to establish peaceful relationships among Christian
rulers while also calling for more vigorous military efforts against
the Turks.
2. Pope Adrian VI
a. Told his legate to say that God permits the persecution of
Lutheranism.
b. His reign only lasted thirteen months.
3. Pope Clement VII
a. The battle between France and the Emperor of Rome for the
domination of the Italian Peninsula.
1. Pope Clement VII. first backed the emperor but then switched to
help the french.
2. The emperor then allowed his soldiers to sack rome
and capture the pope in retaliation ending the high
renaissance.
Pope Julius II
Pope Adrian VI
Pope Clement VII
B. The Council of Trent
1. Pope Paul III
a. After the death of Pope Clement VII, Cardinal Alexander Farnese
promised two cardinals that if he was elected pope, he would summon
a council.
b. He won, becoming Pope Paul III
1. Unlikely to undertake a serious reform.
2. However, he appointed reform-minded men as cardinals, established
the Inquisition in the Papal States, and called a council.
2. The Council of Trent
a. A meeting held at the imperial city of Trent between 1545 to 1563.
b. It was called to reform the church and to secure reconciliation with
the Protestants.
c. The obstacles the council faced
1. Lutherans and Calvinists were invited but impossible to
reason with.
2. The French Kings worked against the reconciliation of Roman
Catholicism and Lutheranism.
a. A division in religion meant a weakened empire, and
a weak and divided empire meant a stronger France.
3. The conciliar theory of church government.
a. Some bishops wanted a concrete statement
securing the power of the church council over the
papacy.
b. Others wanted all acts of the council require papal
approval.
d. The Accomplishments of The Council of Trent
1. Dealt with Doctrinal matters.
a. Gave equal validity to the Scriptures and to tradition as
sources of religious truth and authority.
b. Reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the Catholic teaching
on transubstantiation.
c. Rejected Lutheran and Calvinists positions.
2. Dealt with Disciplinary matters.
a. Tridentine decrees
1. Required bishops to reside in own dioceses.
2. Suppressed pluralism and simony.
3. Forbade the sale of indulgences.
b. Clerics had to give up their concubines.
c. The jurisdiction of bishops over the clergy was certain
and the bishops were ordered to visit every religious
house of the dioceses at least once every two years.
d. For a marriage to be valid, the vows had to be made
publicly.
e. The council required each diocese to establish a seminary
for the education and training of a clergy.
1. The professors of the seminaries would determine if
the clergy was acceptable.
2. This prevented families from being able to determine
their sons’ and daughters’ religious careers.
3. The Outcome of the Council.
a. Reconciliation with protestantism was not achieved.
b. The reformation of the church did not come about
immediately.
c. The Tridentine decrees laid a solid basis for the spiritual
renewal of the church.
1. The doctrinal and disciplinary legislations served as
the basis for Roman Catholic faith, organization, and
practice for four centuries.
C. New Religious Order
1. The Purpose
a. To raise the moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people.
2. Teresa of Avila
a. First women declared the Doctor of the Church.
1. -a theologian of outstanding merit and saintliness.
b. The four principles to guide the new convent.
1. Poverty was to be fully observed, which was symbolized by
the nuns being barefoot.
2. The convent must keep strict enclosure.
a. The visits of powerful benefactors with material
demands were forbidden.
3. Teresa intended an egalitarian atmosphere where class
distinction was forbidden.
a. All sisters (nuns) had to share the manual chores.
4. Teresa placed great emphasis on obedience, especially to
one’s confessor.
c. Founded 14 houses of nuns.
1. Very difficult due to the very sexist society.
d. The first author to describe the life of prayer.
1. From meditation to a mystical union of God.
3. The Two Famous Orders
* (Education was the major goal for each of the orders.)*
1. The Ursuline order of nuns. (1539)
a. Founded by Angela Merici.
1. Highly respected the education of women.
2. Worked among the poor, sick, and uneducated.
b. Established the order to end heresy through Christian
education.
1. The first religious order concentrated on teaching the
future mothers and wives the Christian beliefs.
2. Very difficult to get approved by papacy.
3. Official recognition came in 1565.
a. Rapidly spread all throughout Europe and
eventually to the new world of North America
2. The Society of Jesus.
a. Founded by Ignatius Loyola.
1. A former Spanish soldier.
2. Studied the life of Christ while recuperating from a
severe battle wound in his leg
a. Through this, he became a soldier of christ.
b. Resisted the spread of Protestantism, converted Asians and
Latin Americans to Catholicism, and spread Christian education all
throughout Europe.
1. Secured papal approval in 1540
2. Members were called Jesuits.
a. Their goal was to “help souls”
b. Their tradition was to be flexible and to be willing to
respond to time and circumstances.
c. They were very modern and attracted many
recruits.
d. They achieved phenomenal success for the papacy
and the reformed Catholic church.
3. Candidates had to go through a two year novitiate, rather
then the traditional one.
c. The success of The Society of Jesus.
1. The Jesuits exerted great political influence.
2. They carried Christianity to India and Japan all before 1550.
3. Succeeded in bringing almost of Europe back to
Catholicism.
Ignatius Loyola
D. The Congregation of the Holy Office
1. The Holy Office
a. Established by Pope Paul III
b. Gave power over the Roman Inquisition.
1. The Inquisition was a group of six cardinals that had judicial
authority over all Catholics.
2. The Inquisition was under the principles of the Roman law
c. Published the Index of Prohibited Books.
1. A catalogue of forbidden readings.
d. Successfully ended heresy within the Papal States.
e. Little influence to the rest of Europe.
The Holy Office