Transcript World War I
World War I Section 1 World Map Pre-WWI Europe in Early 1900s No major wars for about 100 years Napoleonic Wars ended in 1915 Europe at peace Idea of Progress If a war were to happen it would be short Optimism comes from technological advances Factors that Led to War Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliance System Nationalism Devotion to ones culture and one’s nation Similar to being a football fan Many European countries have citizens of multiple different ethnic groups Usually lived in the same areas together Countries wanted control of land filled with their people i.e many ethnic Serbians living in Austria-Hungary Big issue in the Balkans Imperialism Countries trying to build an empire Extending their influence over various smaller nations Provided raw materials and goods to the ruling nation Germany growing as an imperial leader Militarism Development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy Making plans for a war no one wanted to have Each nation trying to have the strongest military Army – Germany Navy – Great Britain Germany trying to catch up Alliance System Countries pledge support to members of their alliance in the event of an attack Triple Entente France, Great Britain, Russia Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Great Britain Stable, Democratic Government Superior military/Navy Trade dominated economy France Republic Industrial leader Major power Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Germany created Fall of French Empire France has to give back lands to Prussia (Germany) Germany Recently unified nation Great military power Industrial leader Otto von Bismarck Unified Germany Sought peace in Europe Wilhelm II Power hungry, not a good leader Drops Russia as an ally German Kingdoms Schlieffen Plan German plan for if war broke out Old Theory War would start in Russia New Theory If there is a war, France will be in it from the beginning Russia is potentially dangerous, but slow Defeat France then turn to Russia Austria-Hungary “Dual Monarchy” In a “splendid decline” Living in the past Full of diverse ethnic groups Wanted land in the Balkans Serbia Strong nationalist feeling Sought an empire Wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina These were territories in Austria-Hungary Pan-Slavism Unity of all the Slavic peoples Serbia felt the Russians were their cousins Should back them up Ottoman Empire In decline since the mid 19th Century Losing lands and territories Kept Russia in check Young Turks Revolutionary group, take control in 1908 Russia Behind most of Europe Medieval until end of 17th Century Serfdom ends 1869 Had industrial revolution before agricultural revolution Wanted to limit outside ideas Nicholas II (1894-1917) Last Czar Unstable Alliances Pre-War Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany France Austria-Hungary Great Britain Italy Not required to fight Russia Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia Serbia stirring up trouble in Austria-Hungary Serbia wildcard Cocky due to support from Russia Austria-Hungary wanted land around Serbia The Balkans known as the “powder keg of Europe” Archduke Franz Ferdinand Imminent heir to throne of Austria-Hungary Visits Sarajevo with his wife Capital of Bosnia Assassinated June 1914 Gavrilo Princip Member of the Black Hand Society Serbian Nationalist Group Austria-Hungary gives Serbia ultimatum Russia declines to backup Serbia Serbia agrees to most of the ultimatum July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Expected to be a short war Archduke Franz Ferdinand Countries Pick Sides Austria-Hungary Serbia Germany Tells France not to fight Declares war on France, Russia, and Belgium Russia mobilizes Hoped Austria-Hungary would back down Belgium neutral August 3, 1914 Great Britain Declares war on Germany August 4, 1914 War Begins Germany invades Belgium On the way to France Takes For of Liege in 4 days Allies set up along the Marne River (France) Dig trenches and stand their ground The Font Lines New Technologies Machine Guns Trench Warfare No Man’s Land Full of disease Tanks Created by Germans Gas Masks Airplanes Initially unreliable Don’t know the proper way to use them Help neutralize trenches Poison Gas Not a factor until later in the war Eddie Rickenbacker Originally fought with pistols Drop bombs Machine Gun Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Tanks Poison Gas Airplanes Alliances During War The Allies The Central Powers Great Britain Germany France Russia (till 1917) United States (1917-1918) Italy Serbia Japan Australia New Zealand Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria First Battle of the Somme July 1, 1916 – November 18, 1916 Fought in trenches Neither side gains any ground First use of the tank British casualties 426,000 60,000 on the first day French casualties 194,000 German casualties 650,000 First Battle of the Somme America Declares Neutrality Continue to trade openly Many immigrants from countries fighting in the war Still had ties to their homelands Sympathetic towards the Allies Americans similar to Englishmen Stronger trade with the Allies Isolationism Eastern Front Central Powers more successful Turks ally with Central Powers Gallipoli Peninsula Allies want to open a path to take Constantinople First amphibious landing attempt of the war Would crush the Turks Dardanelles Anzac troops Lasted 8 months Major victory for the Ottoman Empire Gallipoli War at Sea Largest Navy’s (1) Great Britain, (2) Germany, (3) United States U.S. trading with Europe still Germany declares waters around Great Britain submarine war zone Britain sets up blockade around German coast U-Boats “Under Sea Boats” Effective against cargo ships Could not follow traditional Naval Warfare War at Sea Sinking of the Lusitania British passenger line Secretly carrying munitions Great Britain denies Sunk by a German U-Boat May 7, 1915 Off the coast of Ireland 1,198 killed 128 Americans Americans outraged Sinking of the Lusitania Sussex Pledge (1916) U-Boat sinks French passenger ship The Sussex U.S. threatens to break off relations with Germany Germany pledges to no longer use U-Boats Tells U.S. to get Great Britain to lift it’s blockade Break the pledge in 1917 Battle of Jutland May 31 – June 1, 1916 Naval battle between Germany and Great Britain Largest of the war Off coast of Denmark Germany wants to break British blockade Tries to lure British fleet into a trap Lure British ships to chase a small German fleet Surprise attack with full German fleet Great Britain victorious Battle of Jutland (P) Zimmermann Note Arthur Zimmerman German ambassador to Mexico Proposed alliance between Mexico and Germany Would support them if U.S. joined the Allies Help Mexico “reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona” America Enters the War Wilson sends German ambassador home “Let us be done with diplomatic notes. The hour to act ahs come” April 2, 1917 Asks Congress for declaration of war “The world must be made safe for democracy” April 4, 1917 Congress declares war Wilson Declaring War Section 2 America Mobilizes Standing army only 200,000 men Few officers had combat experience Selective Service Act (May 1917) End of 1918 24 million men register 3 million added to the military Mass production Shipyard workers exempt from the draft U.S. Chamber of Commerce July 4, 1918 U.S. launches 95 ships Encourages shipyard work Government takes private ships and convert them for war America Mobilizes American Propaganda America in Europe War is dragging on Became a war of attrition Germany trying to win quickly Makes peace with U.S. provides a shot in the arm for the Allies U.S. troops fight under American command Convoy system Cuts in half losses from U-Boat attacks Navy sets mines in North Sea Prevents capture of Paris Go on the offensive Famine in Europe (P) Americans Join 2 million U.S. troops sent overseas 400,000 African American troops Segregated units 8 month training period in U.S. and Europe 17 hour training days Army Corps of Nurses 13,000 women join noncombat positions American Expeditionary Force (AEF) General John Pershing Aggressive combat American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Sergeant Alvin York Blacksmith from Tennessee Conscientious objector Did not want to kill Joins anyways October 8, 1918 Kills 25 Germans Captures 132 others Almost by himself Only had a rifle and a revolver Russian Revolution Influenced by Karl Marx’s ideas Poor agricultural people 1917 strikes in St. Petersburg Set up provisional government Vladimir Lenin Exiled to Switzerland Smuggled into Russia by Germany Bolshevik Kills off royal family (July 16, 1918) Leads Red Army in Civil War Victorious Romanov Family