Transcript US Enters WWI

Propaganda
Great Britain
Propaganda
Germany
Causes of WWI
1914-1918
Causes of WWI – M.A.N.I.A.
•
•
Militarism
– Outgrowth of industrial revolution – Glorification of
War - arms race
Alliances
– Countries begin making alliances because of
increasing tensions
–
Allies
Central Powers
Britain, France, Russia
•
•
•
VS.
Germany, Austria –
Hungry, the Ottomans
Nationalism
– A strong feeling of pride and devotion to one’s own
country
– European countries believe they should be most
powerful
Imperialism
– European countries start fighting over colonies outside
of Europe
Assassination
– because of Serbian nationalism, Franz Ferdinand is
killed in Serbia by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914
WW1: Why?
Long term • 1. Alliance system
• 2. Imperialist
Competition
• 3. Stockpiling of
Weapons
Short term –
•
Assassination of
Franz Ferdinand of
the AustroHungarian Empire
Austria - Franz Ferdinand & daughter of Leopold Salvator. Upper right:
Cardinal Nagle
WW1: Who?
• Central Powers
– Germany
– Italy (until April
1915)
– Austria-Hungary
– Ottoman Empire
– Bulgaria
• Allies
– Russia (until early
1918)
– France
– Great Britain
– Italy (April 1915)
– Japan
– United States
(1917)
Where’s the United States?
• The United States was isolationist
• “Why should I get involved in someone else’s
problems”
• Large percentage of European immigrants, or
children of European (especially German and
Irish) immigrants who sympathized with the
Central Powers, however…
• Deep cultural ties to the allied cause
• Protection of American business investments
overseas
Nations
Britain
France
Germany
1914
1915
1916
$594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102
$159,818,924 $364,397,170
$628,851,988
$344,794,276 $28,863,354
$288,899
Question
• Is isolationism really an option for a country as
powerful as the United States?
America &
The Great War
WWI
• US doesn’t get involved until 1917, three years after
the war started
– The United States helps turn the tide for the Allies against
the Central Powers
– The United States and Woodrow Wilson see this as an
opportunity to expand Western interests to the rest of the
world
• Democracy
– "Making the World Safe for Democracy”
– 14 Points
– League of Nations
• Free-market capitalism
– Get rid of colonies
– Open up the markets of the world for trade
Woodrow Wilson
It is a Fearful thing to lead this
great peaceful people into war,
the most terrible and disastrous
of all wars, civilization itself
seeming to be in the balance. But
the right is more precious than
Peace.
New Opportunities
• Women
– Women filled
factory jobs
– May have led 19th
Amendment after
the war (Gave
women the right to
vote)
• African Americans
– Black soldiers still
served in
Segregated Units
• The Harlem
Hellfighters
– “Great Migration” thousands of
African Americans
moved North to
work in factories
The Harlem
Hellfighers
The Harlem
Hellfighters
“Don’t Tread
on Me”
Enforcing Loyalty
• Hatred of all things
German
• Espionage Act 1917 &
Sedition Act of 1918
punished those
against the war
(many labor leaders)
Russian Revolution & Withdrawal
• Initially joined because of
national pride
• Grossly ill-equipped by 1915
• Soldiers left the front to join in
a revolution back in Russia
(March 1917)
• Russian Revolution
overturned Czar, new
government signed peace
treaty with Germany (Nov.
1917)
• Russia withdrew from the
war, 1918
Russian Revolution & Withdrawal
• Russia experienced a
revolution and exits WWI in
1917
• Another factor in why the US
joined
• Between 1920-1921, eight
Western nations, including
the US, fought the
Bolsheviks, Lenin’s Red Army,
in the Russian Civil War
• Probably at least as
influential, if not more so, on
American History than WWI
U.S. Enters WWI
• German submarines were attacking ships
carrying American citizens.
– In May 1915, British liner Lusitania, killing 120
Americans
• This was said to be a “passenger” ship but was
actually carrying 4200 cases of ammunition
– Germany pledged “unrestrained” attacks on
merchant ships
– Sussex pledge
• Germany agreed not to attack passenger ships
• Zimmerman Telegram signaled an end to this policy
Zimmerman Note
• Zimmerman Note
– In early 1917, British intercepted a telegram from
Germany to Mexico
– promised that, in exchange for Mexican support,
Germany would help Mexico get back New Mexico,
Texas, and Arizona.
The Convoy System
• To transport troops across the Atlantic, the
United States employed convoys, or groups of
unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval
vessels equipped to track and destroy
submarines.
• Due to the convoy system, German
submarines did not sink a single ship carrying
American troops.
American Soldiers in Europe
• By 1918, European nations had begun to run
out of men to recruit. Energetic American
soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped
replace the tired fighters of Europe.
• Many African Americans volunteered or were
drafted for service. However, these men
served in segregated units and were often
relegated to noncombat roles.
The Ottoman Empire & Britain
• Letter to Ali ibn Husain, 1915
– Britain promised a pan-Arab state if the Arabs rose up
against the Ottomans
• Motivation was to keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war
in Europe
• Balfour Declaration, Nov. 1917
– British sympathize with Zionists (Movement of the
return of Jewish people to their homeland and the
sovereignty of Israel)
• Motivation was for financial support for the war in Europe
• The Armenians were a Christian minority in
the Ottoman Empire & sought independence
• Carried out by the "Young Turk" government
between 1915-1916
• One and a half million Armenians were killed,
more than half of the total Armenian
population
Paris Peace Conference
• Negotiations were dominated by the “Big Three” :
U.S., Britain, and France
• President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen
Points, a list of his terms for resolving World War I
and future wars.
– self-determination, or the
right of people to choose their
own form of government
– the creation of a “League
of Nations” to keep the peace
in the future
President Wilson’s Proposals
• As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a
program for peace around the world known as the
Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions it
contained.
• One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for an end to
entangling alliances; another involved a reduction of
military forces. Another dealt with the right of AustriaHungary’s ethnic groups to self-determination, or the
power to make decisions about their own future.
• Although both Wilson and the German government
assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the basis of
peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed. During peace
negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen Points were discarded one
by one.
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by:
• forced Germany to assume full blame for causing
the war.
• imposed huge reparations upon Germany
• Reparations – payment for damages done
• limited the size of the German military
• removed hundreds of miles of territory from
Germany,
• took away all Germany’s overseas colonies.
Widespread Dissatisfaction
• People from Africa to the Middle East and
across Asia were angry as they were declared
mandates to European countries
– Mandate – territories administered by western
powers
• Italy was angry because it did not get all the
lands promised in a secret treaty with the Allies.
• People all over the world were disillusioned
and called it the “War to end all wars”
WWI Ends – Victory w/out Peace?
• Germany never
admitted defeat
• “Stab in the back”
theory
• Spawns nationalism
at home
“We shouldn’t have done it…If they could have
given us another ten days we could have
rounded up the entire German army, captured
it, humiliated it…The German troops today are
marching back into Germany announcing that
they have never been defeated…What I dread is
that Germany doesn’t know that she was licked.
Had they given us another week, we’d have
taught them.” – General John Pershing
Europe Before and After WWI
Redrawing the Map of Europe
Territorial Changes
• Poland (Formerly Russia and Germany)
• Czechoslovakia (Formerly Austria-Hungry,
present day Czech Republic and Slovakia)
• Yugoslavia (Formerly Austria-Hungry, present
day Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia &
Bosnia-Herzegovina)
• Austria & Hungry become separate nations
Arab Nationalism
• The Ottoman Empire is broken up after WWI
• The mandates of Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq
(British) are created as well as Lebanon and
Syria (French)
• Arab peoples had helped the Allies during the
war but were not given right of selfdetermination
• Britain supported the plight of Eastern
European Jews to relocate to Palestine
Ho Chi Minh
• Vietnamese citizen living in France tried to persuade
the American delegation of freeing Vietnam from
French rule
• Turned to Marxism and was a founding member of
the French Communist Party
• No longer welcome in French dominated Vietnam
• Lived in China and waited for opportunity to rise up
against the French
Welcome to the USSR
• The proceeding famine, 1918
1921, an estimated 6 million
people died
• The allies continued to blockage Germany and
Russia
• Then Sec. of Interior Herbert Hoover, pushed for
humanitarian aide
• Allies refused so he secured private funds and
aide for the Russian people
Vladimir Lenin
• All history is class struggle
• Dictatorship of the proletariat
• NEP (New Economic Policy) – Pseudo-capitalism in
which peasants could sell their excess harvest for a
profit
• By 1924, Russia was back to its pre-WWI industrial
output
• 1924 – Lenin dies
– Ensuing struggle between right hand man, Trotsky, and
relative unknown, Stalin
– Stalin becomes dictator by 1928
– Trotsky forced into exile
Costs
Douaumont French military cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary, which contains remains of French
and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916
U.S. After the War
• Even though Pres. Wilson was one of the architects of
the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations,
Congress refused to ratify the treaty thereby keeping
the U.S. out of the League of Nations
• After 4 years of fighting, the Allies were tired of
fighting and so when Hitler began his rise to power in
the 1930’s, Europe followed a path of appeasement
• WWI propelled the U.S. onto the world stage as an
international power but at home prompted a growing
desire for neutrality
• Thus when WWI breaks out in the late 1930s, the U.S.
remains neutral
Question
• Is it fair to tell the tale of WW1 with Germany
as the “bad guy?”
Spanish Flu
• The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more
people, both in the United States and Europe,
than all of the wartime battles.
• Every country engaged in WW1 tried to
control public perception and did not mention
the flu outbreak in their reports from the front
lines. (Spain was not in the war and was the
only country to mention the outbreak in their
press.)
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No Mans Land
Trench Warfare
Artillery
Gas Warfare
Machine Gun
Tank
Air Battle
HARLEM HELLFIGHTERS