Transcript wwi-start-to-finish-2016

7 Continents
WWI
MAIN Causes of WWI
There were four major reasons for tension
in Europe before WWI.
-Each reason has something to do with
the competition between countries to
be the greatest.
Nationalism
Does everyone know we have he BEST country in the world?
• Loyalty and extreme pride in one’s country.
We are better than you! Our country is the biggest and best!
Example:
PRO:Encouraged new nations (Governments)
like Italy & Germany to be formed.
CON: These new nations' strength challenged
older nations like Great Britain & France.
• Ethnic Groups (people who share common
language & traditions)demanded nations of
their own.
Imperialism
• Do we have the largest & most powerful empire?
• We have a right to take over weaker or smaller nations
because we are big and strong! Nations wanted to colonize
other countries (in Africa & Asia), which led to competition.
Example:
• Great Britain & France controlled many colonies and
countries like Germany, Italy, & Russia wanted some too.
• Many conflicts began to break out.
Militarism
• Do we have the largest & most powerful army?
• Building up a strong military. Nations began to strengthen
their military. As one would grow stronger, another would
increase their force as well. Once again, big competitions.
Example:
• By early 1900’s Germany, France, & Russia had developed
huge armies.
• Great Britain & Germany developed a bitter rivalry and an
“arms race” began.
“Boys with TOYS!”
Alliances
Do we have he most supporters watching our
backs?
• Defense agreement among nations. (The members of each alliance
pledged to come to the aid of each other in crisis. They tried to keep
peace by forming a balance of power to keep one country from
dominating another. This did not help, but created more and more
friction between countries.)
Example:
• “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” If you will promise to
protect me than I will promise to protect you if we are attacked.
• By 1914, two major alliances had been established.
-Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy.
-Triple Entente (understanding among nations): Great Britain,
France, & Russia.
Cause of WWI
• WWI was caused by M.A.I.N.
– Militarism
– Alliance
– Imperialism
– Nationalism
• Countries exhibiting MAIN eventually began to
fight with each other, leading to a world war.
• This became known as THE GREAT WAR! Or
the WAR TO END ALL WARS!
Europe during WWI
By 1914, two major alliances had
been established:
a. Triple Alliance included:
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
b. Triple Entente included:
Great Britain, France, Russia
The EVENT (short term cause) that started the
fighting of WWI. p.226-227
• Bosnia, a small section of the
Empire of Austria-Hungary,
wanted to separate from them
and become part of Serbia.
• Serbia wanted Bosnia to join
their country so they could have
access to the sea (a seaport).
• The heir to the throne of AustriaHungary, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
traveled to Sarajevo, the capital
of Bosnia to convince the
people to remain part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Primary Documents: Archduke
Franz Ferdinand's Assassination,
28 June 1914
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, on 28 June
1914.
Ferdinand - and his wife Sophie - were killed by
Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip while on a
formal visit to Sarajevo. Princip shot Ferdinand
at point blank range while the Archduke
was traveling in his car from a town
hall reception, having earlier that day
already survived one assassination
attempt.
As the car came alongside, he
stepped forward from the curb,
drew his automatic pistol from
his coat and fired two shots. The
first struck the wife of the
Archduke, the Archduchess
Sofia, in the abdomen. She was
an expectant mother. She died
instantly.
The second bullet struck the Archduke
close to the heart.
He uttered only one word, 'Sofia' -- a
call to his stricken wife. Then his head
fell back and he collapsed. He died
almost instantly.
Gavrilo Princip was a
member of the Black Hand
Terrorist Group, which was
from Serbia but not backed
by the Serbian Government.
The rulers of Austria-Hungary
blamed the Serbian
government for the
assassination and moved to
crush the Serbian nationalist
movement.
With the support of their ally,
Germany, Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia on
July 28, 1914.
• The war between Austria-Hungarian
Empire and Germany against Serbia
should have been a short little war, as
Serbia is a very small, unprepared
country.
• BUT…Serbia also had an ally….RUSSIA!
• Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary
then declared war on Russian and
Russia’s Ally, France.
• Germany decided to attack France first, so
they invaded BELGIUM (a neutral country) on
their way to France. This was easier than
going over the mountains…and it would bring
in another BIG country into the war.
• Belgium had an ally, Great Britain, who then
declared war on Germany…by August 4, 1914,
The Great War has begun!
(END Day 1)
• 3. In 1915, Italy dropped out of the
Triple Alliance.
Name Change:
• Triple Alliance becomes the
Central Powers
• Triple Entente becomes the Allied
Powers (Italy joins this team)
The Triple Alliance became
known as the Central Powers.
•
•
•
•
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
The Triple Entente became
known as the Allies.
•
•
•
•
Great Britain
France
Russia
(Italy in 1915)
WWI, was also called The Great War.
Allied Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
Japan
Italy
United States - later
vs.
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire(Turkey)
Bulgaria
Fighting in the Trenches
Germany’s military came
within 15 miles of Paris, France
before they were pushed
back by the French and British
armies. Had the captured
Paris they would have
controlled the whole country.
The Battle of Marne lasted 7
days and was won by the
Allied Powers…Paris was
saved.
Fighting along the Maginot
line – a line of trenches and
bunkers between France and
Germany lasted for 3 years
with little advances being
made. A STALEMATE! Neither
side could win.
The German offensive –The Battle
of Verdun
The British & French offensive – The
Battle of Somme…only gained 7
miles of territory.
The Allies and the
Central Powers
both dug trenches
along the French
German Boarder.
New Weapons of War
Improved cannons, artillery and better rifles
enabled soldiers to hit targets with greater
accuracy causing more deaths.
Poison gas developed by the Germans was
devastating.
Allies developed their forms of poison gases and
began using them also.
Armored Tank
And the most dramatic new weapon –The
Airplane- was used by both sides for dog fights
The Germans used zeppelins, or blimps to bomb
the allies
Germany invented the submarine, known as the
U-Boat or Unterseeboot in German, was a very
effective weapon.
(End – A World War
Begins, day 2.)
Trenches often filled with mud, making
life difficult.
Off to the front we go!
Each trench consisted of three main parts:
1. Duckboards-put in the bottom of the trench for better traction in the mud,
2. A Fire step-where soldiers stood to shoot towards the enemy,
3. Sandbags in front of the trench and in back of the trench-for protection.
Shell holes filled with water after the rain. Each hole is where artillery
exploded and left a crater, dead trees are all that’s left of this forest.
Trench
Mortars'
Water filtering
station –
developed in
some of the
older trenches
to provide
soldiers with
cleaner
drinking water.
Fire was
the only
warmth
during life
in the
trenches.
Often
used for
warming
food when
there was
no
fighting.
Whistle….Over the top…
Duckboards were also used to cross battle fields after the enemy was pushed back.
Pill Box Bunkers
made of concrete
were used for the
long range artillery
guns .
Gas Masks…the difference between
life and death.
Blinded by the gas…having to march away from the front, blindfolded.
Wet feet led to Trench Foot- swollen rotting flesh.
Removal of the wounded and dead was difficult during the wet
season.
Dead
trees with
tunnels
leading to
them
were
often
used as
lookouts
or for
sniper
posts.
Flame Throwers
were used to
deter the
oncoming
enemy soldiers
or burn off
vegetation that
they could hide
in.
Many times limbs were amputated in the field hospitals to save the soldiers life
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htm
And you thought life in
the trenches was
fun….but in reality war
is UGLY!
Start Reasons America Goes to War
(1) Naval Blockade
• Germany had an effective sea weapon know as the
submarine or u-boat, which they used to blockade the
ports of Great Britain and prevented needed food and
supplies from reaching the people.
• The Germans u-boats often attacked ships without
warning, killing many allied soldiers
• As a “neutral” nation the US decided to trade with both
the allies and the central powers, but Great Britain’s
blockade of the North Sea made it difficult to trade
with Germany. So, most of the trade was with the
Allies. America need money to boost their economy.
(2) The Lusitania (page 674)
• On May 1, 1915, the Lusitania left port in New York
for Liverpool to make her 202nd trip across the
Atlantic. On board were 1,959 people, 159 of whom
were Americans.
• On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat torpedoed and
sank the Lusitania , a British passenger liner.
• Nearly 1200 people, including 128 Americans, were
killed.
When Germany started sinking U.S. supply ships, we
began to hide military goods in the bottom of
passenger ships (which were supposed to be neutral).
• It was later discovered that this neutral ship was
carrying war materials for Great Britain.
Yellow Journalism
• Newspapers throughout the US spread the
word about the killing of innocent Americans
on the Lusitania. This outraged the people of
the US and they called for war.
Lets Prepare!!!!
• In the summer of 1916, Congress passed
legislation that doubled the size of the army
and provided money to build new warships.
• America wanted to trade with
Great Britain and to supply them
with weapons. This would help
America make money to build
up their military.
Keep America out of the war!
• March 1916 - a German u-boat attacks a
French passenger ship the Sussex, with
several American passengers on board.
Fearing the Americans might enter the war,
Germany offered to compensate Americans
injured on the Sussex and promised to warn
neutral ships and passenger vessels before
attacking. This became known as the Sussex
Pledge.
(3)The Sussex Pledge
• This pledge only lasted about a year.
Germany again began launching
attacks on ships, including American
vessels.
• Germany declared “Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare” stating they
would destroy any ship they
thought could be carrying war
goods to the allies, regardless if
there were passengers on board.
• Breaking the Sussex Pledge!
America???
(4) Ties to the Homeland
• President Wilson declared that
the United States would be
neutral in the war.
• At the start of the war, 1/3 of
the Americans were foreignborn or children of
immigrants. This made them
favor their countries of origin,
the Allied side, because most
immigrants were W.A.S.P.
(page 232)
(3) The Zimmerman
Telegram
• While America was trying to
stay out of the war in Europe…
• The British intercepted a
telegram from Germany to
Mexico, and deciphered it.
•Give out Zimmerman Telegram and have students work with a
partner to try to decipher it. (#7)
•Students need to have at least Who, What, When, Where and
Why written on #7. Finish for homework.
(End Reasons to go to War –Day 3)
(Continue Reasons to go to War –Day 4)
Give out deciphered Zimmerman Telegram, glue over coded telegram and have students do
#1-6 on Zimmerman handout.
(3) The Zimmerman Telegram (continued)
• They found out that Germany was asking Mexico
to get together with Japan and attack the United
States. In return Germans would give back to
Mexico the land that they lost to the United
States (Texas). NOW WHAT?
• Well Britain sent this translated telegram to the
United States newspaper who PUBLISHED IT!
• This outraged the US people who once again
called for America to enter the war.
Decoded
In January of 1917, British cryptographers
deciphered a telegram from German
Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the
German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt,
offering United States territory to Mexico in
return for joining the German cause.
This message helped draw the United
States into the war and thus changed the
course of history. The telegram had such
an impact on American opinion that,
according to David Kahn, author of The
Codebreakers, "No other single
cryptanalysis has had such enormous
consequences."
End of Neutrality for the U.S.
•
•
•
•
•
Lusitania is sunk killing 128 Americans.
Sussex Pledge Broken
Zimmerman Telegram published.
Russia overthrew their Monarchy & established a
democracy. (We believe Democracy against
autocracy, which means rule by one person with
unlimited power.)
German U-boats sank 4 U.S. ships without
warning.
WAR!
• On April 2, 1917, President Wilson stood before a
special session of Congress to ask for a declaration of
war against GERMANY!
• On April 6th he signed the declaration of war, bringing
the United States into WWI.
• On May 18, Congress passed the Selective Service Act,
establishing a military draft. Men age 21 to 30
registered by the millions! Women joined too, but they
were not allowed in combat. African Americans also
signed up for the army and navy….the Marines would
not accept them (more discrimination).
• The first American soldiers reached France in June
1917, nearly 3 years after the beginning of WWI.
“Here We Come to Save the Day!”
• General John J. Pershing led the American
Expeditionary Force (AEF), the American troops in
Europe.
• With the help of the U.S. troops the Germans were
quickly pushed back. They fought in the battles of:
–
–
–
–
The Marne River
The Belleau Wood
Verdun
Argonne Forest-lasted 7 weeks, in heavily forested
grounds, with lots of rain, mud, barbed wire, and
machine guns firing from all directions. The Allies
pushed the Germans back and invaded Germany.
American Troops were nicknamed Doughboys, because
they were plump.
(End of Neutrality for the U.S.)
(Begin On the Homefront & Searching for
Peace pg. 684-690)
Life in America during
WWI
• America Mobilized for war.
• Our industries expanded to meet the
needs for supplies and weapons.
What did workers gain with passing of
the National War Labor Board? (p. 235)
•
* 8 hour work day
•
* extra pay for overtime
•
* equal pay for women
•
* right to form unions
• Millions of men left their jobs to join the
war, so the women and minorities filled
their jobs.
• The government sold “Liberty Bonds”,
raised taxes and income taxes to raise
money for the war.
• The Food Administration encouraged
people to eat less, or RATION, so we
could send food to our soldiers.
“Meatless Mondays, “ “Wheatless
Wednesdays,” Porkless Thursdays,
and asked Americans to plant
“Victory Gardens”
• Slogans were put up everywhere:
“Serve just enough”
“Use all Leftovers”
reminded Americans
to conserve food.
Support the war….or else!
• The government passed the
Espionage Act in 1917 which
posed stiff penalties for spying,
interfering with army recruiting.
• In 1918 the Sabotage Act and the
Sedition Act were passed. These
laws made it a crime to say,
print, or write almost anything
perceived as negative about the
government.
End On The Homefront
Searching For Peace
The End is Near
• On October 4, 1918 the German government appealed to President Wilson
for an armistice, or an agreement to end the fighting. (Just a little over a
year after the US joined the war!)
• On November 11, 1918 at 11:00am, WWI came to an end when Germany
signed the armistice. (11/11 at 11:00 am.)
• President Wilson’s conditions:
1. Germany must accept his plan for peace& promise not to renew
hostilities.
2. German troops must leave Belgium and France.
3. Wilson would only deal with civilian leaders, not military leaders.
4. German leaders considered the conditions & the German people got
mad (that the government would not accept Wilson’s conditions). On
November 9, 1918, the people took over the government and removed
Kaiser Wilhelm II from power. Germany became a Republic, and agreed
to work with President Wilson.
• The WAR IS OVER!!!
–
–
The armistice began on November 11, 1918.
Originally called Armistice Day. After the end of WWII it was changed to
Veterans Day.
The Fourteen Points Plan
• In January 1919, a peace conference was held in Paris, France to
officially end the war. President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan
for Europe which he called his Fourteen Points Plan. President
Wilson wanted to preserve peace without further wars. He called
for many changes and the development of a League of Nations.
•
Five major points from his plan.
•
* Free Trade
•
* Freedom of the Seas
•
*End Secret Treaties
•
*Reduce & limit arms (weapons)
•
*Peaceful settlement of disputes over colonies
• The League of Nations would be a committee of people from all
countries that would try to work out their differences without
going to war.
• The allies disagreed on many points of Wilsons plan, (they wanted
to punish Germany) but in the end the Treaty of Versailles was
created including the League of Nations.
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•
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The Big 4 at the Paris Peace Conference were:
USA – President Wilson
Great Britain – Prime Minister George
France – Premier Clemenceau
Italy – Prime Minister Orlando
The final treaty was called the Treaty of Versailles. (p.
246)
The four main points of the treaty: (p. 246)
1.Germany must accept responsibility
2.Germany had to pay damages
3.Germany must disarm
4.Germany must give up all over-seas territories & parts
of Europe
• President Wilson
came back to
America to present
the Treaty of
Versailles and the
League of Nations
(the 14th point of
Wilsons’s Plan) to
Congress.
• After several months
of arguments,
Congress opposed
the treaty and
refused to sign it or
to join the League of
Nations.
Still at war?
• Because the United States did
not sign the treaty, we were still
officially at war with the Central
Powers.
• In 1921 the United States
signed a separate peace treaty
with each of the Central Powers
and it never joined the League
of Nations.