Transcript The New Imperialism (1800-1914)

Chapter 12
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The domination by one country of the
political, economic, or cultural life of
another country or region.
Establishing authority over areas of the
world outside a country’s natural
boundaries.
Establishing colonies throughout the world.
To distinguish it from the imperialism of the
16th and 17th centuries the imperialism of
the 19th and early 20th century is called the
New Imperialism.
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Nationalism was both an incentive for nations to
practice imperialism and a reason why some national
groups resisted imperialism.
One form of nationalism is extreme pride in one’s
country.
This type of nationalism caused rival European
nations to build empires in a competitive quests for
power.
This type of nationalism was resulted in a desire to
expand and be more powerful than other nations.
A desire by a national group to have its own state or
country was another form of nationalism.
These two types of nationalism often came into
conflict with each other.
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The Industrial Revolution.
Created a desire for sources of raw materials and
new markets.
The “White man’s burden” was the belief that
white men had a duty to introduce other people
to the benefits of Western society.
The “White man’s burden” was as much a
justification of imperialism as it was a cause of
imperialism.
Social Darwinism applied the concept of
“survival of the fittest” to human groups.
Social Darwinism was also both a cause for
imperialism and a justification of imperialism.
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Military motives. Imperial powers often claimed
that colonies were needed for national security.
One military motive for imperialism was the
desire for naval bases in other parts of the world
to to refuel steam ships.
Humanitarian and Religious goals. Many
Westerners felt a genuine concern for peoples in
other parts of the world. Missionaries, doctors,
and colonial officials believed they had a duty to
spread the blessings of Western civilization. This
was a form of the “White man’s burden.”
Colonies also offered a valuable outlet for
Europe’s growing population.
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Weakness of Non-Western states. While European
nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several
older civilizations were in decline.
These included the Ottoman’s in the Middle East, the
Mughal empire in India, and the Qing dynasty in
China.
European powers had strong economies, wellorganized governments, and powerful armies and
navies.
Quinine and other medical knowledge helped
Europeans survive tropical diseases.
The Maxim machine gun, repeating rifles, and steam
driven warships all gave Western imperial powers a
military advantage.
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Africans and Asians strongly resisted
Western expansion into their lands.
They fought even though they often had
inferior weapons.
Some ruling groups tried to strengthen their
societies against outsiders by reforming
their own Muslim, Hindu, or Confucian
traditions.
Many Western-educated Africans and
Asians organized nationalist movements to
expel imperialists from their lands.
A
Colony was a territory that an
imperialist power ruled directly.
 In a Protectorate local rulers were left in
place but were expected to follow the
advice of Europeans.
 A sphere of influence was an area in
which an imperialist power held
exclusive trading rights.
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In the early 1800s, the Zulus emerged as a major
force in southern Africa under the ruthless and
brilliant leader Shaka.
Shaka’s conquests set off mass migrations and wars,
creating chaos in South Africa.
In 1814, the Cape Colony passed from Dutch to the
British.
Boers, descendants of Dutch settlers, who resented
British rule, migrated north in “the Great Trek.”
The migrating Boers came into contact with the
Zulus, fighting quickly broke out.
Zulu spears could not defeat Boer guns. The struggle
for the land would continue until the end of the
century.
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In the early 1800s, European nations began
to outlaw the transatlantic slave trade.
Some people helped freed slaves to resettle
in Africa.
In 1787, the British organized Sierra Leone
in West Africa as a colony for former slaves.
Some freed blacks from the U.S. settled in
Liberia.
By 1847, Liberia had become an
independent republic.
 Resistance
by Africans, difficult geography, and
diseases, all kept Europeans from moving into
the interior regions of Africa, from the 1500
through the 1700s.
 In the early 1800s, European explorers began
pushing into the interior of Africa.
 Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed
the explorers.
 Missionaries were sincere in their desire to
help Africans, but as a result of their
paternalistic view they tended to treat Africans
like children.
 Dr. David
Livingston crisscrossed Africa for 30
years.
 He was an explorer and a missionary.
 He relentlessly opposed the slave trade.
 He believed the only way to end the slave trade
was to open up the interior of Africa to
Christianity and trade.
 When Livingston had not been hear from in
many years he was finally tracked down by
Henry Stanley, in Tanzania. When Stanley found
him he greeted Livingston with the famous
phrase “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”
 King
Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to
arrange trade treaties with African leaders.
 Publicly Leopold spoke of civilizing,
privately he dreamed of conquest and
profit.
 Leopold’s interest in African trade set off a
scramble between the imperial powers for
African lands.
 To avoid bloodshed, European powers met
at an international conference in Berlin in
1884.
 Called
for free trade on the Congo and
Niger rivers.
 Agreed that a European power could not
claim any part of Africa unless it had set
up a government office there.
 This principle led Europeans to send
officials who would exert their powers
over local rulers and people.
 Europeans redrew the map of Africa with
little regard for traditional patterns of
settlement or ethnic boundaries.
 British
forces occupied the Cape again in 1806
following the battle of Bloubergstrand.
 In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town
was permanently ceded to Britain.
 Many Boers fled north and set up their own
republics.
 The discovery of gold and diamonds in Boer
lands led to the Boer War from 1899 to 1902.
 In 1910, the British united the Cape Colony and
the former Boer republics into the Union of
South Africa.
 Samori Toure
led the Algerians against the
French in West Africa.
 The British battled the Zulus in South Africa and
the Asante in West Africa.
 Yaa Asantewaa, queen of the Asante led them
against the British in last Asante war.
 Nehanda was a female military leader of the
Shona in Zimbabwe. She was eventually
captured and executed.
 Most efforts in Africa, to resist European
Imperialism in the 19th century failed.
 Ethiopia, an
ancient Christian kingdom in
East Africa, managed to resist European
colonization and maintain its independence.
 Menelik II was able to modernize Ethiopia
and help it remain independent.
 During the Age of Imperialism, a Westerneducated African elite, or upper class,
emerged.
 Some of these new elites rejected their own
cultures, others condemned Western
societies that upheld liberty and equality
for whites only.
 In
the 1500s, three giant Muslim empires
ruled much of the Muslim world.
 The Ottomans in the Middle East, the
Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India.
 By the 1700s all three great Muslim empires
were in decline due to corruption and
discontent.
 In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform
movements sprang up across various
Muslim regions. Most stressed religious
piety and strict rules of behavior.
 As
ideas of nationalism spread from Western
Europe, internal revolts weakened the
multiethnic Ottoman empire.
 Europeans states sought to benefit from the
slow crumbling of the Ottoman Empire.
 Though there were efforts at reform in the
Ottoman empire, repressive sultans rejected
reform and tried to rebuild autocratic power.
 A reform movement called the Young Turks
overthrew the Sultan in 1908. Before they could
achieve their reforms the Ottoman Empire was
plunged into WWI
 The
Muslim Turks accused the Christian
Armenians of supporting Russian plans
against the Ottoman Empire.
 When Armenians protested repressive
Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of
thousands of them slaughtered.
 Over the next 25 years, between 600,000
and 1.5 million Armenians were killed or
died from disease and starvation.
 By
the early 1800s Egypt was a semiindependent province of the Ottoman
Empire.
 Muhammad Ali is sometimes called “the
father of modern Egypt,” because he
introduced a number of political and
economic reforms.
 Muhammad Ali’s successors lacked his
skills, and Egypt came increasingly
under foreign influence.
In 1858, a French entrepreneur, organized a
company to build the Suez Canal.
 European nations gained power over the
Ottomans by extending loans at high interest
rates.
 In 1875, the ruler of Egypt was unable to repay
his loans. He sold his share in the Canal to the
British who thus gained a controlling interest in
the canal.
 The canal linked the Mediterranean Sea to the
Red sea creating a shortcut between Europe and
Asia.
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 When
Egyptian nationalist revolted
against British influence in 1882, Britain
made Egypt a protectorate.
 In theory, the governor of Egypt was still
an official of the Ottoman government.
 In fact the governor followed policies
dictated by Britain.
 The
Qajar shahs, who ruled Persia (modern day
Iran) from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute
power.
 For a time each European power set up its own
sphere of influence in Persia.
 The discovery of oil in the early 1900s
heightened European interest in the area.
 Under pressure from Britain and Russia who
wanted to control Iran’s oil fields, Iran granted
them concessions.
 To protect their interests Britain and France
sent troops to Iran.
 Persian nationalist were outraged.
 For
more than 200 years, Mughal rulers
governed a powerful empire in India.
 By the end of the mid-1700s, the Mughal
empire was collapsing from a lack of
strong rulers.
 As Mughal power declined, the British
East India company’s influence grew. By
the mid-1800s, it controlled three fifths of
India.
 The British were able to conquer India by
exploiting its diversity.
 Even
when the Mughal power was at its
height, India was home to many cultures.
 The British took advantage of Indian
divisions by encouraging competition
and disunity among rival princes.
 The British used their superior weapons
to overpower local rulers.
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In the 1850s the British East India Company made several
unpopular moves.
It required Sepoys in its service to serve anywhere, even
overseas. For high-caste Hindus, this was an offense to
their religion.
It allowed Hindu widows to remarry.
Both moves were seen as a Christian conspiracy to
undermine their beliefs.
When the British tried to force the Sepoys to bite off the
tips of their rifle cartridges, which were greased with
animal fat (this was offensive to both Hindus and Muslims)
it resulted in the Sepoy Rebellion.
In some places Sepoys brutally massacred British men
women and children.
The British eventually crushed the revolt and then took
terrible revenge for earlier losses.
 After
the Sepoy Rebellion, in 1858,
Parliament ended the rule of the East India
Company and put India directly under the
British crown.
 While it slowed the “reforms” that had
angered Hindus and Muslims, it continued
to develop India for Britain's own economic
benefit.
 After 1858, a British viceroy in India
governed in the name of the queen, and
British officials held top positions in the civil
service.
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Some educated Indians were impressed by British power
and technology and urged India to follow the Western
model.
The Indians came mostly from the upper-class.
Other Indians felt that the answer to change lay with their
own Hindu or Muslim cultures.
By the late 1800s Western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.
In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National
Congress, which became known as the Congress party.
The Indian National Congress looked forward to eventual
self-rule, but supported Western-style modernization.
At first Muslims and Hindus worked together for self-rule.
In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their
own goals. Soon, they were talking about a separate Muslim
state.
 Prior
to the 1800s, China had a trade
surplus with Westerners.
 By the late 1700s, China had entered a
period of decline.
 The industrial revolution in Europe
created a need for expanded markets
and gave the West superior military
power to China.
During the late 1700s, British merchants began
making huge profits by trading opium in India for
Chinese tea.
 Soon, many Chinese had become addicted to the
drug and silver flowed out of China in payment for
the drug, disrupting the economy of China.
 The Chinese government outlawed opium and
executed Chinese drug dealers.
 When China called on the British to stop brining
opium to China, the British refused to stop.
 In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British
merchants, triggering the Opium War. The
Chinese were easily defeated.
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 In
1842, after the Opium war, Britain made
China accept the Treaty of Nanjing.
 Britain received a huge payment for losses in
the war.
 The British also gained the Island of Hong
Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign
trade and grant British citizens in China
extraterritoriality (the right of foreigners living
in another country to be tried by their own laws
and their own courts).
 The Treaty of Nanjing was the first in a series of
“unequal treaties” which stipulated the
opening of more ports to foreign trade and
letting Christian missionaries preach in China.
 By
the 1800s the Qing dynasty was in decline
and becoming corrupt.
 An extravagant imperial court, tax evasion by
the rich, and widespread official corruption
added to the peasant’s burden.
 As poverty and misery increased, the peasants
rebelled.
 The Taiping Rebellion which lasted from 1850
to 1864, was probably the most devastating
peasant revolt in history. It is estimated to have
caused the death of between 20 million and 30
million Chinese.
 The Qing government survived, but it had to
share power with regional commanders.
In the 1800s, China was split between those who
wanted to adopt Western ways, and those who
thought Western technology threatened
Confucianism.
 Scholar-officials also disapproved of the ideas of
Western missionaries, whose emphasis on
individual choice challenged the Confucian order.
 In the 1860s, reformers launched the “selfstrengthening movement.” They imported Western
technology, setting up factories to make modern
weapons.
 The Chinese translated Western works on science,
government, and the economy. The movement
made limited progress because the government
was not behind it.
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 Japan
began to modernize after 1868.
 It then joined the Western imperialists in
the competition for global empire.
 In 1894, Japanese pressure on China led
to the Sino-Japanese War.
 It ended in disaster for China, with Japan
gaining the island of Taiwan.
 China’s
defeat in the Sino-Japanese War,
revealed China’s weakness.
 Western powers moved swiftly to carve
out spheres of influence along the
Chinese coast.
 The U.S. did not take part in the carving
up of China.
 The U.S. began to fear that they would be
shut out of trade with China and called
for an Open Door Policy.
 Defeated
by Japan and humiliated by
Westerners, Chinese reformers blamed
conservative officials for not modernizing
China.
 In 1898, emperor Guang Xu, launched the
Hundred Days of Reform.
 New laws set out to modernize the civil service
exams, streamline the government, and
encourage new industries.
 Conservatives soon rallied against the reform
effort. The emperor was imprisoned and the
conservative empress Ci Xi reasserted control.
 Anti-foreign
feeling finally exploded in the
Boxer Uprising.
 In 1899, a group of Chinese had formed a
secret society, the Righteous Harmonious Fists.
 The goal of this group was to drive out the
“foreign devils” who were polluting their land
with un-Chinese ways.
 In 1900, the Boxers attacked foreigners across
China.
 The Western Powers and Japan crushed the
Boxers and rescued foreigners besieged in
Beijing.
 The
defeat, forced even Chinese
conservatives to support Westernization.
 In a rush of reforms China admitted
women to schools and stressed science
and mathematics in place of Confucian
thought.
 China also expanded economically and a
Chinese business class emerged.
 The
flames of Chinese nationalism spread.
 By the early 1900s, they had introduced a
constitutional monarchy. Some reformers
called for a republic.
 Sun Yixian organized the Revolutionary
Alliance to rebuild China on “Three
Principals of the People.”
 These three principals included;
nationalism, or freeing China from foreign
domination, democracy, and economic
security for all Chinese.
 When
Ci Xi died in 1908 and a two year old
boy inherited the throne, China slipped into
chaos.
 In 1911, uprisings in the provinces spread.
 Peasants, students, local warlords, and even
court politicians helped topple the Qing
dynasty.
 In 1911, Sun Yixian was named president of
the new Chinese Republic.
 The republic faced overwhelming problems
and was almost constantly at war with itself
or foreign invaders.